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Higher Biology > 1.2 Replication of DNA > Flashcards

1.2 Replication of DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the term diploid mean?

A

Containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes.

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2
Q

What does the term haploid mean?

A

Containing a single set of chromosomes.

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3
Q

What does DNA replication ensure?

A

That each new cell has exactly the same number of chromosomes and contains all the genetic information necessary for the normal function of the cell.

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4
Q

Why is DNA replication important?

A

Ensures every cell has an exact copy of all the genetic information. This therefore ensures all proteins are synthesised and all normal cell functions are carried out.

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5
Q

True or false? Replication of DNA is semiconservative.

A

True.

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6
Q

What enzyme replicates DNA?

A

DNA polymerase.

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7
Q

How does DNA helicase begin replication?

A

It unwinds and ‘unzips’ the DNA strands, breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.

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8
Q

After the strands of DNA are unwound and unzipped what forms?

A

A replication fork.

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9
Q

What is a primer?

A

A short strand of nucleotides.

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10
Q

What is function of a primer?

A

A primer binds to the 3’ end of a template DNA strand, allowing DNA polymerase to add DNA nucleotides.

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11
Q

How are DNA nucleotides added in the leading strand?

A

They are added continuously to the 3’ end of the parent strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

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12
Q

What does DNA polymerase catalyse?

A

The formation of strong covalent bonds between DNA nucleotides.

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13
Q

How are DNA nucleotides added to the lagging strand?

A

The primer binds to the 3’ end of the strand. A number of DNA nucleotides are added to create an Okazaki fragment. As more of the template strand is exposed another primer is added and DNA polymerase adds more free DNA nucleotides creating another fragment.

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14
Q

What is function of DNA ligase?

A

It joins the Okazaki fragments together on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

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15
Q

Why do fragments of DNA have to be created on the lagging strand?

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in one direction - 5’ to 3’.

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16
Q

What do daughter DNA molecules have?

A

A sequence of bases identical to each other and the original parent DNA molecule.

17
Q

True or false? DNA polymerase can only add free nucleotides to the 3’ end of a DNA strand.

A

True.

18
Q

How is DNA replicated on the leading strand?

A

It is replicated continuously.

19
Q

Why is ATP required for DNA replication?

A

Energy is required to form the covalent and hydrogen bonds in DNA.

20
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase chain reaction.

21
Q

What is the function of PCR?

A

To amplify the number of DNA fragments from a small sample of DNA.

22
Q

How does PCR replicate DNA?

A

Using complementary primers for specific target sequences.

23
Q

Why is PCR useful?

A

Can used for forensic evidence, settling paternity suits, food science, personalised medicine.

24
Q

What process does PCR use?

A

Thermal cycling.

25
Q

What machine is used in PCR?

A

A thermocycler.

26
Q

What is needed to amplify a new strand of DNA?

A

•DNA sample (that is being amplified)
•Primers
•Free DNA nucleotides
•Heat-tolerant DNA polymerase

27
Q

What happens in stage 1 of PCR?

A

Fragment of DNA is heated to 92-98*C Ik order to break the hydrogen bonds between the strands of DNA.

28
Q

What happens in stage 2 of PCR?

A

The fragments are cooled to 55-60*C to allow primers to anneal to the complementary sections of DNA at each end of the sequence.

29
Q

What happens in stage 3 of PCR?

A

The fragments are heated to 70-80*C to allow taq DNA polymerase to add free nucleotides to 3’ end of the primer, extending the strands.

30
Q

How many fragments of DNA do you get after 1 cycle of PCR?

A

Double.

31
Q

Why is heat tolerant DNA polymerase required for PCR?

A

Because the fragment of DNA must be heated to over 90*C in the first stage of PCR.

32
Q

What is taq polymerase?

A

Taq polymerase is heat-resistant DNA polymerase.

33
Q

What is gel electrophoresis?

A

A technique used to separate DNA fragments by their size through a gel using electric current.

34
Q

In gel electrophoresis do smaller or larger molecules of DNA move further?

A

Small fragments move further.

35
Q

How can gel electrophoresis be used to compare DNA samples?

A

The more bands in common in the gel, the closer the DNA samples match.

Higher Biology (16 decks)

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