13 (everything in organic until alkanes) Flashcards
Hydrocarbon
a compound made up of C and H atoms only
Functional group
an atom or group of atoms which determines the physical and chemical properties of the molecule
Homologous series
- organic compounds with the same functional group, but with each successive member differ by CH2
- same general formula
- same chemical properties
Alkanes
simple hydrocarbons with no functional group
Trend of alkanes
B.p increases
- more C and H bonds
- more id-id forces
- more energy/higher temp is needed to break bonds
Aliphatic compound
straight or unbranched-chain and also includes cyclic organic compounds that do not contain a benzene ring
Molecular formula
shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule
- ethanoic acid would be C2H4O2
Empirical formula
shows the simplest whole number ratio of the elements present in one molecule of the compound
- ethanol would be CH2O
Saturated hydrocarbons
contain single bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
Homolytic fission
breaking a covalent bond in such a way that each atom takes an electron from the bond to form 2 radicals
Heterolytic fission
breaking a covalent bond in such a way that the more electronegative atom takes both the electrons from the bond to form a negative ion and leaves behind a positive ion
Free radical
a species with one or more unpaired electrons
Example of a free radical reaction (initiation, propagation and termination)
in notes
Nucleophile
electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons
Electrophile
electron-deficient species that can accept a pair of electrons
Addition
- organic reaction in which 2 or more molecules combine
- give a single product