13. Energy and Ecosystems Flashcards
What is a producer?
Producers are photosynthetic organisms that manufacture other substances using light energy, water, carbon dioxide and mineral ions.
What is a consumer?
Consumers are organisms that obtain their energy by feeding on other organisms rather than using the energy from sunlight directly.
What is a primary consumer?
Those that directly eat producers (green plants), fits in the chain of consumers.
What are secondary consumers?
Animals that eat primary consumers (usually predators, or scavengers or parasites).
What are tertiary consumers?
Animals that eat secondary consumers (usually predators, or scavengers or parasites).
What are saprobionts (decomposers)?
A group of dead organisms that break down the complex materials in dead organisms into simple ones. In doing so, they release valuable minerals and elements in a form that can be absorbed by plants and so contribute to recycling. The majority of this work is carried out by fungi and bacteria.
What is a food chain?
Food chain describes a feeding relationship in which the producers are eaten by primary consumers. These are eaten by secondary consumers, which are then eaten by tertiary consumers. In a long food chain the tertiary consumers may be eaten by quaternary consumers.
What is meant by a ‘trophic level’?
Each stage of the food chain.
What do the arrows show in a food chain?
The direction of energy flow.
What is a food web?
Animals relying on multiple food sources, within a single habitat many food chains are linked together to form a food web.
Define biomass
The total dry mass of living material in a specific area at a given time. Measured in grams per square metre (g m-2).
How can the chemical energy store in biomass be estimated?
Calorimetry.
What is an ecosystem?
All the living and non-living components of a particular area.
Why is most of the Sun’s energy not converted to organic matter by photosynthesis?
- Over 90% of the Sun’s energy is reflected back into space by clouds or absorbed by atmosphere.
- Not all wavelengths of light can be absorbed and used for photosynthesis.
- Light may not fall on a chlorophyll molecule.
- Factors, such as low carbon dioxide levels, may limit the rate of photosynthesis.
What is Gross Primary Production?
The total quantity of the energy store in plant biomass, in a given area or volume, in a given time.
How much energy do plants use in respiration?
Around 20-50% of the gross primary production.
What is the net primary production?
The chemical energy store left when respiratory losses have been accounted for.
Give the equation for Net Primary production
net primary production = gross primary production - respiratory losses
NPP = GPP - R