13. CP Heart Development and Defects

Question 1

What arises from the primary heart fields?

Answer 1

Left and right atria, as well as the left ventricle

Question 2

Almost all of the heart comes from what layer of embryonic tissue?

Answer 2

Splanchnic mesoderm

Question 3

From what structure do the secondary heart fields develop?

Answer 3

Pharyngeal arches

Question 4

What three pharyngeal arches do the neural crest cells migrate through?

Answer 4

3, 4, and 6

Question 5

What gives rise to the aorticopulmonary septum?

Answer 5

Neural Crest cells

Question 6

What mediates movement of neural crest cells?

Answer 6

Retinoic acid / HOX genes / NF-1 / PAX-3

Question 7

When are the septation events of the heart occurring?

Answer 7

4th week to 8th week

Question 8

When do we see the sinus venosus?

Answer 8

Day 23

Question 9

Where do the smooth parts of the adult heart arise from?

Where does the sinus venarum specifically come from?

Answer 9

The sinus venosus

Right horn of the sinus venosus

Question 10

Where does the coronary sinus come from?

Answer 10

Left horn of the sinus venosus

Question 11

What structures come from the right horn of the sinus venosus?

Answer 11

Openings for the superior and inferior vena cava

Opening for the coronary sinus

Sinus venarum

Christa terminalis

Question 12

What specific structure gives rise to the crista terminalis?

Answer 12

The right sinoatrial valve’s cranial portion

Question 13

When does the heart first begin to beat?

Answer 13

Day 22 (week 4)

Question 14

What is the dorsal mesocardium?

Answer 14

A mesentary, drived from the splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

Question 15

What is the most posterior structure of the heart?

Answer 15

The left atrium

Question 16

When do septation events occur?

Answer 16

From week 4 to 8

Question 17

What structure comes from the left horn of the sinus venosus?

Answer 17

Coronary sinus

Question 18

What four structures come from the right horn of the coronary sinus?

Answer 18

Orifice for the coronary sinus

Orifice for the superior / inferior vena cava

Sinus venarum

Crista terminalis

Question 19

What structures come from the caudal and rostral part of the right sinuatrial valve?

Answer 19

The caudal part becomes the valve of the coronary sinus and most of the valve of the inferior vena cava.

The cranial part becomes the crista terminalis

Question 20

What embryologic layer forms the muscular interventricular septum?

Answer 20

Splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm

Question 21

What structures are given rise to by the bulbus cordis on the right and left side of the heart?

Answer 21

Right: Conus arteriosus

Left: Aortic vestibule

Question 22

What embryological layer gives rise to the membranous interventricular septum?

Answer 22

Neural crest cells (right and left bulbar ridge)

(and the endocardial cushion is made from splanchnic mesoderm)

Question 23

What cavities of the heart are separated by the membranous interventricular septum?

Answer 23

Right and left ventricle

AND

Right atrium and left ventricle

Question 24

What embryological layer are the semilunar valves made from?

What primitive structures become the semilunar valves?

Answer 24

Neural crest cells and mesoderm

Ventral and dorsal valve swellings

Question 25

What are the four symptoms associated with Tetrology of Fallot?

Answer 25

Pulmonary stenosis

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Overriding Aorta

Ventricular Septal Defect