13. Conditioning and Learning

Question 1

One of the fundamental ways we learn about the world, a theory of learning and identity

Answer 1

Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning

Question 2

Russian psysiologist who is known for Classical conditioning

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

What was Pavlov’s experiment

Answer 3

Pavlov rang a bell and gave a dog some food. After repeating this pairing multiple times, the dog treated the bell as a signal for food, and began salivating in anticipation of the treat

Question 4

Occurs when neutral stimuli are associated with psychologically significant events

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

____ elicits an unconditioned response (UR) or without any kind of training or teaching

Answer 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Question 6

____ produces a conditioned response (CR), or has no importance to the organism until it is paired with something that does have importance

Answer 6

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Question 7

What are the two forms of Conditioning

Answer 7

Classical and Instrumental (Operant Conditioning)

Question 8

Occurs when a behavior is associated with the occurence of a significant event

Answer 8

Operant Conditioning

Question 9

Conditioning first studied Edward Thorndike, and extended by B. F. Skinner

Answer 9

Instrumental or Operant Conditioning

Question 10

Effects that increase behaviors

Answer 10

Reinforcers

Question 11

What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 11

When a behavior has a positive (satisfying) effect or consequence, it is likely to be repeapted in the future. But when a behavior has a negative (painful/annoying) consewuence, it is less likely to be repeated in the future.

Question 12

Effects that decrease behaviors

Answer 12

Punishers

Question 13

In classical conditioning, the finding that no conditioning occurs to a stimulus if it’s combined with a previously conditioned stimulus during conditining trials. Suggests taht information, surprise value, or prediction error is important in conditioning

Answer 13

Blocking

Question 14

To sort or arrange different items into classes or categories

Answer 14

Categorize

Question 15

The procedure in which an initially neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). The result is that the conditioned stimulus begins to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Answer 15

Classical Conditioning

Question 16

Nowadays considered important as both a behavioral phenomenon and as a method to study simple associative learning.

Answer 16

Classical Conditioning

Question 17

In classical conditining, a conditioned response that opposes, rather than is the same as, the unconditioned response. It functions to reduce the strength of the unconditioned response. Often seen in conditioning when drugs are used as unconditioned stimuli

Answer 17

Conditioned compensatory response

Question 18

The response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has taken place

Answer 18

Conditioned Response CR

Question 19

An initially neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 19

Conditioned Stimulus CS

Question 20

Stimuli that are in the background whenever learning occurs. This can also be provided by internal stimuli and mood states. it can also be provided by a specific period in time (temporal context)

Answer 20

Context

Question 21

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that signals whether the response will be reinforced. it is said to “set the occasion” for the operant response

Answer 21

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 22

Decrease in the strength of a learned behavious that occus when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus or when the behavior is no longer reinforced

Answer 22

Extinction

Question 23

A type of classical conditioning in which the CS is associated with an aversive US, such as a foot shock. As a consequence of learning, the CS comes to evoke this. The phenomenon is thought to be involved in the development of anxiety disorders in humans

Answer 23

Fear Conditioning

Question 24

Instrumental behavior that is influenced by the animal kingdom’s knowledge of the association between the behavior and its consequence and the current value of the consequence. Sensitive to the reinforcer devaluation effeect

Answer 24

Goal-directed behavior

Question 25

Instrumental behavioir that occurs automatically in the presence of a stimulus and is no longer influenced by the animal’s knowledge of the value of the reinforcer. Insensitive to the reinforcer devaluation effect

Answer 25

Habit

Question 26

Process in which animals learn about the relationship between their behaviors and their consequences.

Answer 26

Instrumental/Operant Conditioning

Question 27

The idea that instrumental or operant responses are influenced by their effects. Responses that are followed by a leasant state of affairs will be strengthened and those that are followed by discomfort will be weakened. Nowadays, the term refers to the idea that operant or instrumental behaviors are lawfully controlled by their consequences.

Answer 27

Law of Effect

Question 28

Learning by observing the behavior of others

Answer 28

Observational Learning

Question 29

A behavior that is controlled by its consequences.

Answer 29

Operant

Question 30

When the outcome of a conditioning trial is different from that which is predicted by the conditioned stimuli that are present on the trial.

Answer 30

Prediction Error

Question 31

Necessary to create a Pavlovian conditioning. As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trials, the CS increasingly predicts the US.

Answer 31

Prediction Error

Question 32

The idea that an organism’s evolutionary history can make it easy to learn a particular association

Answer 32

Preparedness

Question 33

A stimulus that decreases the strength of an operant behavior when it is made a consequence of the behavior

Answer 33

Punisher

Question 34

A mathematical rule that states that the effectiveness of a reinforcer at strengthening an operant response depends on the amount of reinforcement earned for all alternative behaviors.

Answer 34

Quantitative Law of Effect

Question 35

Any consequence of a behavior that strengthens the behavior or increases the likelihood that it will be performed again.

Answer 35

Reinforcer

Question 36

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable

Answer 36

Reinforcer Devaluation Effect

Question 37

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs when the context is changed after extinction. Especially strong when the change of context involves return to the context in which conditioning originally occured. Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning.

Answer 37

Renewal Effect

Question 38

The theory that people can learn new responses and behaviors by observing the behavior of others

Answer 38

Social Learning Theory

Question 39

Authorities that are the targets for observation and who model behaviors

Answer 39

Social Models

Question 40

Recovery of an extinguished response that occurs with the passage of time after extinction. Can occur after extinction in either classical or instrumental conditioning.

Answer 40

Spontaneous recovery

Question 41

When an operant behavior is controlled by a stimulus that precedes it

Answer 41

Stimulus Control

Question 42

The phenomenon in which a taste is paired with sickness, and this causes the organism to reject - and dislike- that taste in the future

Answer 42

Taste Aversion Learning

Question 43

In classical conditioning, an innate response that is elicited by a stimulus before conditioning

Answer 43

Unconditioned Response UR

Question 44

In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits the response before conditioning occurs

Answer 44

Unconditioned Stimulus US

Question 45

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person

Answer 45

Vicarious reinforcement