13. Chapter 16- Blood (FINAL ONLY) Flashcards
What is hypertension?
What does this cause in ventricles?
Failure of homeostasis
Normal cardiac output, but high peripheral resistance
Increases afterload (pressure ventricle must over come to eject blood to systemic circuit) this leads heart to not meet work load and fail
Graph on slide 3 Dec 5
Picture of hearts slide 5
What are the 4 hypertension treatments?
- Ca channel blockers (L type) relaxes smooth muscle and/or decrease CO
- Diuretics increase urination removing excess fluid to decrease blood volume
- Beta blockers block B1 adrenergic receptors which decreases CO
- ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers prevent vasoconstriction
What is blood?
What are it’s components (test tube slide 10 dec 5)?
Connective tissue suspended in extracellular matrix that circulates cardiovascular system
Graph on slide 7 Dec 5
55-60% plasma (white solution of electrolytes, plasma proteins, carbs and lipids)
40-45% hematocrit (occupies by red blood cells)
<1% Buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets)
What are plasma proteins?
Where are they made?
What are the 4 types?
They are the primary difference between plasma and interstitial fluid
Most are made in liver
Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen Transferrin Slide 8 Dec 5
What is hematopoiesis?
What are the two types of cells produced and their percentages?
What about erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis?
Production of blood cells
75% of cells produced are white blood cells
25% are red blood cells
Slide 11 dec 5
Erythropoiesis- RBC production
Leukopoiesis- leukocyte (wbc) production
Thrombopoiesis- thrombocyte (platelet) production
What are red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
It’s 3 major tasks?
Most abundant in blood
Distinct shape to increase surface to volume ratio
Immature when enter cardio system then mature after 24 hours
Lower RBC count in females
- Carries O2 from lungs to systemic tissue
- Carries CO2 from tissues to lungs
- Assists in buffering of acids and bases
What is hemoglobin?
RBC’s mainly consist of hemoglobin
O2 transport protein
Slide 17-18 dec 5
What are white blood cells (Leukocytes)?
Two types?
Defend against infection
1. Granulocytes- contain cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophil (granules contain lysosome enzymes that digest foreign)
Eosinophil (granules contain major basic protein which is toxic to invaders
Basophil (granules contain histamine I’m allergic reactions)
2. Non-granule containing lymphocytes and monocytes
T-lymphocytes (cell mediated immunity) and B-lymphocytes (humoral immunity)
What are lymphocytes vs monocytes?
Lymphocytes- contain the two B cell and T cell
Monocytes- spend life in peripheral tissue developing into macrophages
What are platelets?
Nucleus free fragments
Single megakaryote can produce thousands of platelets
Essential for homeostasis which keeps bloods within a damaged vessel
Slides 6-8 Dec 7
What is the method of prevention of hemorrhage (bleeding) by homeostasis called vasoconstriction?
How is it triggered?
Closes vessel and prevents blood flow to damaged region
Can be triggered by direct injury to vascular smooth muscle, release of paracrine signals from damaged endothelial cells or platelets
Brings down pressure so coot can be formed
What is the method of prevention of hemorrhage (bleeding) by homeostasis called platelet plug formation?
Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets (inactivated platelets don’t adhere to themselves or endothelium cells)
This causes release of contents of platelets granules (serotonin ADP and platelet activating factors)
Then platelets recruit and bind to site and aggregate
Slides 10-12 Dec 7
What is the method of prevention of hemorrhage (bleeding) by homeostasis called coagulation (coagulation cascade)?
What are it’s 3 pathways?
Fibrin protein mesh stabilizes the platelet plug into a clot
Clot is semisolid mass of platelets and fibrin with red blood cells, white blood cells and serum
Begins with two pathways of activation (intrinsic pathway- plasma protein in blood and extrinsic pathway protease reactions outside vascular system)
Common pathway then uses factor Xa produced from intrinsic and extrinsic path to create prothrombinase which makes thrombin which is central protease
Slides 13-16 dec 7
What are the 3 steps of homeostasis?
- Vasoconstriction
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
- intrinsic pathway
- extrinsic pathway
- common pathway
What is hemophilia?
What are the two types?
Several diseases where one of the factors of coagulation cascade is defective or lacking
Bruises easily, spontaneous bleeding
Hemophilia A- factor VIII deficiency
Hemophilia B- factor IX deficiency
