13. Blood Typing and Transfusions Flashcards

Question

What blood components might we use instead of blood?

Answer 1

platelet rich plasma, packed RBCs and plasma may be available ability to tailor to tx to specific requirements of patient

Answer 2

Anemic patients Trauma victims Catastrophic blood vessel injury

Answer 3

hypovolemic shock bc of internal hemorrhage - splenic or liver lacerations, these highly vascular organs bleed rapidly and excessively and are difficult to manage as they are non-compressible Ext hemorrhage is easier to recog and tx

Answer 4

may or may not be compressible - ext: apply tourniquet or compress area Int: often require sx correction

Answer 5

hypothermia pale MM CRT >2 seconds Tachycardia Tachypnea Hypotension depressed/unresponsive

Answer 6

blood is filtered b4 admin or while given - use in-line filters that retains blood clots, platelet microaggregates, WBCs and fat Warm to 37C in water bath concurrent fluid therapy 0.9% saline - avoid calcium containing solutions LRS bc it'll cause clots to void - Avoid hypotonic solutions bc of RBC lysis

Answer 7

10ml/kg/hr, except those from hypovolemic shock

Answer 8

diphenhydramine 1-2mg/kg IM or SQ

Answer 9

4 hours to prevent contam of blood suppy

Answer 10

BW, estimated blood V, hematocrit, and goal of therapy 1 unit = 450ml (dogs) 1 unit = 50-60ml (cats Volume guidelines: 10ml/kg of packed RBCs 20 ml/kg of whole blood

Answer 11

blood type and cross match use 0.5-1ml/kg/hr of whole blood for the first 15-30 mins as a test dose watch for reaction, if no, proceed w/ infusion

Answer 12

Provides: RBCs, plasma proteins, viable platelets, all clotting factors Indications: acute hemorrhage, anemia, coagulation disorders, and thrombocytopenia

Answer 13

provides: RBCs, plasma proteins, stable coagulation factors including fibrinogen, NO platelets, NO FAVTORS 5 and 8

Answer 14

Packed RBCs for Anemic but not hypovolemic patients Plasma - to inc blood volume, provides immunoglobulins, provides coagulation factors

Answer 15

dec pH, calcium, 2,3-DPG, ATP Inc ammonia lvls, potassium ions in some japanese breeds like akitas and shiba inus bacterial proliferation/contamination

Answer 16

Oxyglobin - blood collected aseptically from cattle and filtered to remove the Hgb from rest of RBC Hgb structure is similar btw species, it is minimally Ag - no need for typing or cross matching labelled for use in dogs but also has been used off label in cats, horses, llamas, birds and humans

Answer 17

hemolysis - immunologic (due to donor-recipient incompatibility - acute or delayed) or non-immunologic (due to mishandling of RBCs) Hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, DIC, Acute renal failure, death Non-hemolytic allergic reactions volume overload/overly rapid delivery - pulmonary edema bacterial contamination of blood hypocalcemia disease transmission dec PCV

Answer 18

hyperthermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, agitation/restlessness, muscle tremors urticaria, pruritis - leading to anaphylaxis nausea, salivation, vomiting hypotension SHOCK

Answer 19

STOP the transfusion and alert the DVM admin IV crystalloids Dexamethasone 0.25mg/kg given IV slowly Diphenhydramine 2mg/kg given IM q8h Epinephrine (1:10,000) 0.1mg/kg IM the protocol should be determined by the vet b4 transfusion beigins

Answer 20

can try to restart transfusion @ slower admin rate WHILE MONITORING PATIENT CLOSELY

Answer 21

Tube method - gold standard, only used in ref labs Card agglutination test immunochromatography assay

Answer 22

rapid Vet-H fast an accurate samples must be free of autogluttination cards available for typing dogs (dea 1, 4, 5 and DAL + and -) and typing cats A, B, or AB uses monoclonal Ab's specific to erythrocyte Ags being tested for requires whole blood in an EDTA tube

Answer 23

a rapid and accurate test method very similar to the canine heartworm test lines indicate the patient's blood type uses a positive control for each test

Answer 24

used to detect whether agglutination or hemolysis are likely to occur when the donor and recipient blood samples are mixed > serological incompatibility - recudes the likelihood of a transfusion reaction Should be done prior to any transfusion, but especially when: animal had a blood transfusion at least 3-4 days earlier, unknown donor hx, donor blood type unknown, breeding female

Answer 25

2 drops of recipient plasma are mixed w/ 2 drops of washed donor cells

Answer 26

2 drops of donor plasma are mixed with 2 drops of washed recipient cells

Answer 27

2 drops of donor plasma is mixed w/ 2 drops of washed donor cells AND 2 drops of recipient plasma mixed w/ 2 drops of washed recipient cells Incubate for 15-30m centrifuge for 5m and examine the tubes for evidence of hemolysis or agglutination

Answer 28

cross matching does NOT prevent sensitization of patient to future transfusions even though a specific blood donor is compatible w/ patient. if 5+ days have passed since 1st transfusion and additional transfusions, another crossmatch MUST be performed