13 Flashcards
Cerebell/o
Little brain, cerebellum
Cephal/o
Head
Cerebr/o
Brain, cerebrum
Crani/o
Skull, cranium
Encephal/o
Brain
Gangli/o
Ganglion/o
Swelling, knot
Mening/i, mening/o
Membrane
Myel/o
Spinal cord, medulla, myelin
Neur/o
Nerve
Phren/o
Psych/o
Ment/o
Mind
Radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o
Nerve root
Vag/o
Vagus nerve
Ventricul/o
Little belly, ventricle
The system is a complex part of the body that has been studied extensively is composed of the brain spinal cord and nerves
The nervous system
The brain and spinal cord form the
Central nervous system or CNS
The nerves and ganglia form the
Peripheral nervous system or PNS
The nervous system maintains body stability or… by monitoring changes in the body initiating responses to those changes
Homeostasis
Neurons are supported by other cells of nervous tissue known as…. which make up most of the brain and spinal cord
Neuroglia
The tissue making up the brain spinal cord and nerves is called
Nervous tissue
Protection from pathogens circulating in the bloodstream is further assisted by a barrier between brain fluids and the blood known as ….the which keeps most bacteria harmful cells and many toxins from entering the nervous system
Blood brain barrier
The most common affliction of the nervous system is stroke also known as cerebrovascular accident CVA it is a disruption of the normal flow blood to the brain resulting in the loss of what function that often proves fatal
Brain function
According to the CDC over 150,000 lives were lost to stroke 2010 making it the third most common cause of death behind heart disease and cancer
Strokes
The treatment of disorders affecting the nervous system is a relatively young branch of medicine known as
Neurology
Specialist within the broad field of neurology include
Neurosurgeons who practice focuses on brain or spinal cord surgery Psychiatrist who’s medical practice addresses mental illness and
Clinical psychologists who are mental health professionals trained in the treatment of behavioral disorders
A-
An-
Without, absence of
Hyper-
Excessive, abnormal, high, above
Hypo-
Deficient, abnormally low, below
Par-
Alongside, abnormal
Poly-
Excessive, over, many
Esthesi/o
Sensation
Phasi/o
To speak
-algesia
Pain
-algia
Condition of pain
-asthenia
Weakness
-ia
Condition of
The inability to speak is known as
Aphasia
The clinical term for headache or generalized pain in the region of the head including the combining forms for head cephal/o and the suffix that means condition paint the term is means condition of head pain
Cephalalgia
This is a series of involuntary muscular spasms caused by an uncoordinated excitation of motor neurons that triggers muscle contraction
this is also a sign of a neurological disorder and is also called seizure
Convulsion
This is an excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli
Hyperalgesia
This is a deficient sensitivity to normally painful stimuli
Hypoalgesia
An excessive sensitivity to stimulus such as touch sound or pain
Hyperesthesia
A condition of pain in the nerve is a symptom known as
Neuralgia
This is a generalized experience of body fatigue which is often associated with mental depression
Alternate terms sharing the same meaning include
chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia and dysphoria
Neurasthenia
Abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling caused by an injury to one or more nerves
Paresthesia
A condition of pain in many nerves is called
Polyneuralgia
This is a temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden reduction of blood flow to the brain is often called fainting
Syncope
Epi-
Upon, over, above, on top
Hemi-
Half
Intra-
Within
Mono-
One
Para-
Alongside, or abnormal
Quadri-
Four
Ather/o
Fatty
Aut/o
Self
Embol/o
Plug
Gli/o
Glue
Gnos/o
knowledge
Hem/o
Blood
Hydr/o
Water
Later/o
Side
My/o
Muscle
Narc/o
Numbness
Poli/o
Gray
Scler/o
Hard
Thromb/o
Clot
Vascul/o
Little vessel
- al
- ar
- ic
- us
Pertaining to
-cele
Hernia, swelling, protrusion
-ion
Process
-ism
Condition or disease
-itis
Inflammation
-lepsy
Seizure
-malacia
Softening
-oma
Tumor
-osis
Condition of
-pathy
Disease
-plegia
Paralysis
-rrhage
Abnormal discharge
-troph
Development
The loss of the ability to interpret sensory information is a disorder known as
literally means a condition without knowledge
Agnosia
Among some individuals over the age of 40 years the brain undergoes gradual deterioration resulting in confusion, short-term memory loss and restlessness this disease is called
and is abbreviated AD
Alzheimer’s disease
A disease characterized by the progressive atrophy of muscles caused by Harding of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord is called
also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease and abbreviated ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
This literally means disease of self and is a developmental disorder that varies in severity with patients and characterize by withdrawal from outward reality and impaired development and social conduct and communication
Autism
In general a palsy is a condition of muscular paralysis in this…
the patient suffers from paralysis of the face muscles on one side due to damage to the seventh cranial nerve
Bell palsy
Inflammation of the cerebellum is called
symptoms of this disease include a loss of muscle coordination and equilibrium
Cerebellitis
An aneurysm is a circulatory problem caused by the weekend wall of a blood vessel resulting in a bulge in the wall that is in danger of bursting a …. affects arteries channeling blood to the brain place in the brain great risk of damage that results from a burst aneurysm
Cerebral aneurysm
This disease affects arteries supplying the brain
Cerebral atherosclerosis
A moving blood clot in an artery of the brain is called
Cerebral embolism
The condition of a stationary blood clot in an artery of the brain is known as
Cerebral thrombosis
Recall that the term hemorrhage means a loss of blood or bleeding
a … is the condition of bleeding from blood vessels associated with the cerebrum
Cerebral hemorrhage
A condition that appears at birth or shortly afterward as a partial muscle paralysis is called
Caused by a brain lesion present at birth or brain defect durning dev.
Abbreviated CP no treatment or cure
Cerebral palsy
A blink occurs when the blood supply to the brain is reduced or cut off resulting in the irreversible death of brain cells followed by losses of mental function or death
Cerebrovascular accident CVA stroke
General term describing several levels of abnormally decreased consciousness the term is deep sleep
Coma
An injury to soft tissue resulting from a blow or violent shaking
Concussion
The cerebrum undergoes physical damage when it strikes against the inside wall of the cranium is called a
cerebral concussion
A more severe brain injury called this… often involves bleeding that can result in functional losses and death.
half of all of these are caused by motorcycle accident
Dramatic brain injury TBI
The term for inflammation of the brain is
conditions of this are usually caused by bacterial or viral infections
Encephalitis
Softening of the brain tissue is called… and it’s usually caused by deficient blood flow to the brain
Encephalomalacia
A brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures including convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness is the disease
Epilepsy
A neoplasm tumor of glial cells is called …
becomes life-threatening when it crowds out functional neurons
Glioma
This is a congenital disease caused by abnormally increased volumes of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in the brain ventricles of a child before the cranial sutures have sealed resulting in enlargement of the cranium and in many cases brain damage
This can be surgically corrected by placement of the CSF shunt that drains excess fluid
Hydrocephalus
A benign tumor of the meninges usually arising from the arachnoid mater and occurring within the superior sagittal sinus on top of the brain
Meningioma
An inflammation of the meninges
it’s usually caused by bacterial or viral infection
Meningitis
A protrusion of the meninges usually caused by a birth defect in the skull or spinal column
Meningocele
The term associated with a protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a defective opening in the spinal column is…
both conditions are congenital defects are part of the congenital disease called spina bifida
Meningomyelocele
A disease characterized by the deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain is known as
abbreviated MS
Multiple sclerosis
Inflammation of the spinal cord is called
Myelitis
A sleep disorder characterized by sudden uncontrollable episodes of sleep, attacks of paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations is called
Narcolepsy
Inflammation of a nerve is called
Neuritis
Many nerves are inflamed at once is called
Polyneuritis
A tumor originating from neurons is generally called a
Neuroma
A disease affecting any part of the nervous system such as the cranial nerve, the brain, or the spinal cord is known as
Neuropathy
When many parts of the nervous system are affected by this condition the term is called
Polyneuropathy
In this muscles of the legs lower body paralyzed
Paraplegia
When one limb is paralyzed it’s called
Monoplegia
When one side of the body is paralyzed it is called
Hemiplegia
Paralysis from the neck down including all four limbs is called this
Quadriplegia
A chronic degenerative disease of the brain characterized by tremors rigidity and shuffling gait is called
Parkinson’s disease abbreviated PD
Caused by one of several viruses belonging to the family polio virus the disease blank is characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord often resulting in paralysis is commonly referred to as polio
Poliomyelitis
An acute often fatal infection of the central nervous system that is caused by virus transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected animal it’s called this
Rabies
The condition of inflammation on the ventricles of the brain is known as
Ventriculitis
Angi/o
Blood vessel
Dur/o
Hard
Ech/o
Sound
Electr/o
Electricity
Esthesi/o
Sensation
Tom/o
To cut
-algesia
Pain
-ectomy
Surgical excision, removal
-gram
A record or image
-graphy
Recording process
-ia
Condition of
-iatry
Treatment, speciality
-ist
One who specializes
-logy
Study or science of
-lysis
Loosen, dissolve
-plasty
Surgical repair
-rraphy
Suturing
-tome
Cutting instrument
-tomy
Incision, to cut
Pain management is an important part of treatment for many forms of disease the most common form of pain management is….
Which is the use of such as ibuprofen aspirin acetaminophen
Analgesic
The primary type of pain management that is used during surgical procedures is
Means without the condition of sensation
Anesthesia
Anesthesia is managed by a physician called a
Anesthesiologist
Anesthesia is often administered by trained specialist called a
Anesthetist
A diagnostic procedure that reveals blood flow to the brain by x-ray photography is known as
Cerebral angiography
A procedure involving the use of a computer to interpret a series of x-ray images and construct from them a three-dimensional view of the brain is known as & commonly called CT scan
Computed tomography
The surgical removal of part of the cranium is called
this is usually done to replace a fractured cranial bone
Craniectomy
An incision is made through the cranium to provide surgical access to the brain
The surgical knife used to perform this operation is called a craniotome
Craniotomy
The procedure that uses ultrasound technology to record brain structures in the search for abnormalities
is it also abbreviated echo ET
Echoencephalography
A general type of treatment to manage neurological disorders is known as
Examples: antianxiety meds, anticonvulsants, antipyretics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and also tranquilizers, sedatives and even narcotics
Effectual drug therapy
A diagnostic procedure that records electrical impulses of the brain to measure brain activity
abbreviated EEG
Electroencephalography
The injection of a spinal block anesthetic into the epidural space external to the spinal cord.
It is a common procedure to manage pain during painful childbirth labor
meaning pertaining to on top of the Dura
Epidural
A group of diagnostic test that measures change in brainwave during particular stimuli determine brain function is known as or EP studies evaluate site hearing and other senses
Evoked potential studies
Surgical removal of a ganglion is known as
Ganglionectomy
This is a withdrawal of CFS from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord abbreviated LP
Lumbar puncture
In the frequently used diagnostic procedure powerful magnets are used to observe soft tissues in the body including the brain abbreviated MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
This is an x-ray photography of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye
Myelogram
The procedure that injects a contrast dye into the spinal cord is called
Myelography
The surgical removal of a nerve is a procedure known as
Neurectomy
The study and medical practice of the nervous system is known as
Neurology
A physician who specializes in neurology is called
Neurologist
A surgical physician in neurology is called
Neurosurgeon
The procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions is known as
Neurolysis
The surgical repair of a nerve is called
Neuroplasty
The suturing of a nerve is called
Neurorrhaphy
Incision into a nerve is called
Neurotomy
A scan using an injected radioactive chemical to provide a map of blood flows within the body that can be correlated to function as a computerize procedure known as
it is often called a PET scan
Positron emission tomography
The branch of medicine that addresses disorders of the brain resulting in mental emotional and behavioral disturbances is known as
Psychiatry
A physician practicing in this field of psychiatry is called
Psychiatrist
In contrast to psychiatry the field of this is not a medical specialty it is the study of human behavior
Psychology
Technique used in treating behavioral and emotional issues is called
Psychotherapy
Surgical incision into a nerve root is called it is also called rhizotomy because a nerve root has two combining forms
Radicotomy
This is a series of diagnostic tests performed to observe the body’s responses to touch stimuli
this is useful in assessing stroke head trauma birth defects and other neurological challenges
Reflex testing
The test includes involving percussion at the patellar tendon and elsewhere and Babinski reflex involving stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot
Deep tendon reflexes DTR
During this procedure several branches of the vagus nerve are severed to reduce acid secretion into the stomach in an effort to prevent the recurrence of peptic ulcers
Vagotomy
Bi-
Two
Dys-
Bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
-lexia
Pertaining to a word or phrase
-mania
Madness, frenzy
-phobia
Fear
Schiz/o
To divide, split
Somat/o
Body
Anxiety is the apprehension of danger filling a person with fear over the future a blank occurs when this mental state dominates behavior
Anxiety disorder
A neurological disorder characterized by short attention span import concentration is called abbreviated ADD
Attention deficit disorder
A similar disorder abbreviated ADHD has the added symptom of hyperactivity or hyperkinesis
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
The mental disorder called
affects the cognitive functions of the cerebrum causing alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion with low energy and mental depression pertaining to two poles
Bipolar disease
And impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss disorientation and confusion it’s usually associated with old age and sometimes accompanies Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia
Some individuals have a reading handicap that has a neurological cause in which some letters and numbers are reversed in order by the brain the condition is called
and it literally means condition of difficult reading
Dyslexia
And emotional disorder of abnormally high psychomotor activity which includes excitement, a rapid movement of ideas, unstable attention sleeplessness, and confusion between reality and imagination
Mania
Different forms of mania include such as in which an individual believes oneself to be a person of great fame or wealth
Megalomania
A person with an obsessive fascination with fire
Pyromania
This is an emotional disorder involving a counterproductive way of dealing with mental stress
Neurosis
A person experiencing persistent delusions of persecution resulting in mistrust and combativeness suffers from the word meaning derangement and madness
Paranoia
This is an irrational excessive fear it’s often used when describing a particular fear
Phobia
A fear of spiders is called
Arachnophobia
A fear of public places is called
Agoraphobia
This is an abnormal fear of heights
Acrophobia
The fear of developing a phobia
Phobophobia
Many individuals who have experienced severe mental strain or emotional trauma such as military combat or physical assault suffer from an acute condition that include sleeplessness anxiety and paranoia this condition is called is abbreviated PTSD
Posttraumatic stress disorder
This is a general term for a mental or emotional disorder
literally means disease of the mind
Psychopathy
An individual suffering from a gross distortion or disorganization of their mental capacity emotional response and capacity to recognize reality and relate to others maybe diagnosed with this disease known as
The most common form of this is schizophrenia
Psychosis
It refers to the influence of the mind over bodily functions especially disease among some people there mind creates symptoms that suggest an illness when physical signs are absent
Psychosomatic
Most common form of psychosis is and it’s characterized by delusions hallucinations extensive withdrawal from other people and the outside world
Schizophrenia
AD
Alzheimer’s disease
ADD
Attention deficit disorder
ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CNS
Central nervous system
CP
Cerebral palsy
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
CT or CAT scan
Computed (axial) tomography scan
CVA
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
DTR
Deep tendon reflexes
Echo EG
Echoencephalography
EEG
Electroencephalography
EP
Evoked potential
LP
Lumbar puncture
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
MS
Multiple sclerosis
PD
Parkinson’s disease
PET
Positron emission tomography
PNS
Peripheral nervous system
PTSD
Posttraumatic stress disorder
TBI
Traumatic brain injury
