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BIOL10003 > 13 + 14. Human Evolution > Flashcards

13 + 14. Human Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the mammals evolve from?

A
  • Mammals evolved from a separate group of reptiles

- Became dominant after meteor wiped out all animals

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2
Q

What are some distinguishing structural features of mammals?

A
  • Fusion, reduction of bones
  • Single jaw bone, and bones to amplify sound in the ear
  • Opposing, specialised teeth (molars, canines)
  • Solid strong pelvic girdle
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3
Q

What are some physiological distinguishing features of mammals?

A
  • Endothermic with hair/fur insulation, sweat glands
  • 4 chambered heart
  • Mammary glands
  • Most mammals have a placenta to feed the young in the mother
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4
Q

What are the two subclasses of mammals?

A
  • Subclass Theria= mammals

- Subclass Eutheria= young fed by placenta to an advanced stage

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5
Q

What is the order that humans belong to?

A

Primates

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6
Q

How did the environment change after the meteor?

A

Before the meteor - a warm earth period
After the meteor - a 30 million year hot earth period

More rain, more forests - trees everywhere! The forest was widespread and continuous

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7
Q

Who are the 2 primate ancestors?

A

Plesiadapids and Adapids

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of the plesiadapids?

A
  • Coexisted with dinosaurs
  • Lived in trees during the warm earth era
  • Squirrel like with claws, big incisors and small brains
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of the adapids?

A
  • First true primates
  • Tree living during the hot earth period
  • Nails instead of claws
  • Opposable toes and thumbs
  • Forward facing eyes with bigger Brian’s
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10
Q

What are some characteristics of wet nosed primates (prosimians)?

A

Lemurs

  • least specialised primates with hands and binocular vision
  • Long noses for heightened smell
  • Wet nose with a split lip
  • Much of the brain is the nasal area
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11
Q

In order to be able to leap in tree, what features do you need?

A
  • Need binocular vision to judge distance
  • Forward facing eyes protected by a ring of bone
  • Large brain for decision including visual processing and the control of locomotion
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12
Q

What features in the hands are needed for leaping in trees?

A
  • Grasping digits (not paws)
  • Opposable thumb and 1st toe
  • Can use upright posture
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13
Q

How is the primates order further split up?

A
  • Split into eight groups, almost all in tropical forests
  • Wet nosed are the least specialised
  • Dry nosed include tarsiers, new and old world monkeys, gibbons, great apes and humans
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14
Q

What changes in the sense structures were observed for simians?

A
  • Dry nose with no split lip giving reduced smell ability
  • But more complex sounds could be heard
  • No reflective eye layer
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15
Q

What is the parenting like for most mammals?

A
  • Birth triggers the hormone oxytocin which triggers mother to bond to infants smell and starts lactation
  • Vasopressin bonds males to the smell of a female
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16
Q

What is the parenting change seen in simians?

A
  • Reduced smell
  • Parental care lasts beyond lactation
  • Young females learn complex parenting skills, so the brain rather than hormones control parenting
  • Tactile relations release the reward hormone B endorphin which reinforces bonding
17
Q

How have hominoids adapted for brachiating?

A
  • Mostly larger than monkeys with larger brains
  • No tails, but adapted for brachiation through longer arms and shorter legs
  • Flat chests, shoulder blades at the back
  • rotating arms
18
Q

What genus is enclosed in the pongids family?

A

The orang-utan, chimps and gorillas

19
Q

What are the 6 skeletal differences due to erect posture?

A
  1. The neck is under the skull rather than behind for balancing the head on spine
  2. S shaped spine rather than arch
  3. Pelvis is bowl shaped, wide rather than long
  4. Heel bones support weight
  5. Foot arched rather than flat for shock absorption
20
Q

What is the function of having a bowl shaped pelvis?

A

Supports the abdomen, muscles and femur for balance

21
Q

What are the skeletal differences due to erect posture in the lower body region?

A
  • Femur is angled inwards
  • Knee joint locks straight from the side
  • Big toe points forwards
22
Q

How have the jaw muscles of humans evolved?

A
  • We have weaker jaw and smaller muscles
  • The gene MYH16 for muscle protein mutated
  • Allows for a larger thinner skull
23
Q

How has the brain growth and energy evolved for humans?

A
  • Genes mutated giving more neutron branches in developing brain
  • 3 gene changes gave rise to wider arteries, more glucose shunted from the blood to the brain - more energy to the brain
24
Q

What are the differences in the teeth for humans?

A

Dietary differences are shown in 1) the rounded, rather than rectangular shape of the palate

2) Th size of the canines have reduced and there is no diastema
3) Molars are more worn

25
Q

How did the first walking apes have an advantage?

A
  • As africa began to cool and dry, apes that could move faster between trees would have an advantage
  • they were good climbers due to long arms and fingers, long toes and prehensile big toe, skull like normal ape
26
Q

What structural features were present in Lucy, australopithecus afarensis?

A
  • More erect with a forwards big toe and female angled inwards
  • Long arms, curled fingers, legs only just longer than arms suggests they still climber trees as well
27
Q

What features were seen in the australopithecus jaw?

A
  • Canine size is intermediate
  • Diastema small but present
  • Palate arch partly rounded
28
Q

What was the skull of the australopithecus like?

A
  • Low forehead with prominent brow ridges
  • Projecting face
  • Ape range cranial capacity
29
Q

What homo species preceded sapiens?

A
  • Homo habilis and h. rudolfensis at the same time
  • They had a larger brain region for speech and communication
  • Homo erectus had a large cranial size, brow ridges still present
  • stone tools
30
Q

Why was Homo erectus so successful?

A
  • Less sexual dimorphism giving rise to possible pair bonding
  • Less hair on body so they wore fur, enabling them to live further north in Eurasia
  • Acheulean tools and organisation of hunting protects agains predators
31
Q

Was there gene mixing with the neanderthals?

A
  • No gene mixing with modern humans in the Mt DNA

- Nuclear dna observes mixing

32
Q

What are the distinct skull features of H. Sapiens compared to other hominoids?

A
  • Highly domed skull with a flat face
  • Small brow ridges
  • Rounded back of skull
  • Jutting chin allows space for tongue movement and language

BIOL10003 (28 decks)

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