13-14-15 Pt 2

Question 1

Macroevolution

Answer 1

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time

Question 2

Adaptation

Answer 2

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce and is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

Question 3

Paleontologists

Answer 3

scientists who study fossils

Question 4

fossil record

Answer 4

Chronological collection of life’s remains in sedimentary rock layers

Question 5

Homology

Answer 5

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Question 6

homologous structures

Answer 6

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

Question 7

vestigial structures

Answer 7

Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species’ ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.

Question 8

artificial selection

Answer 8

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.

Question 9

genetic variation

Answer 9

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

Question 10

Mutation

Answer 10

A change in a gene or chromosome.

Question 11

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 11

p² + 2pq + q²

condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time=

Question 12

Genetic drift

Answer 12

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

Question 13

bottleneck effect

Answer 13

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

Question 14

founder effect (genetic drift)

Answer 14

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and rare allele occur in a higher frequency in a new population than they do in the general population

Question 15

gene flow

Answer 15

movement of alleles from one population to another

Question 16

relative fitness

Answer 16

the contributions an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

Question 17

directional selection

Answer 17

Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

Question 18

stabilizing selection

Answer 18

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

Question 19

disruptive selection

Answer 19

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

Question 20

sexual selection

Answer 20

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

Question 21

sexual dimorphism

Answer 21

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

Question 22

balancing selection

Answer 22

natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population

Question 23

heterozygote advantage

Answer 23

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.

Question 24

speciation

Answer 24

Formation of new species

Question 25

morphological species concept

Answer 25

characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features

Question 26

ecological species concept

Answer 26

A definition of species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment.

Question 27

phylogenetic species concept

Answer 27

A definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.

Question 28

prezygotic barriers

Answer 28

Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.

Question 29

Proz….wtv

Answer 29

Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult.

Question 30

allopatric speciation

Answer 30

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

Question 31

adaptive radiation

Answer 31

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

Question 32

Paedomorphosis

Answer 32

The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors.

Question 33

punctuated equilibria

Answer 33

The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change

Question 34

Stromatolites

Answer 34

Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment.

Question 35

ribozymes

Answer 35

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

Question 36

origin of prokaryotes

Answer 36

2.2 billion years ago Fossil stromatolites (still can be found today); consist of layers of bacterial mats First prokaryotes likely appeared much earlier Early photosynthetic prokaryotes produced an oxygen atmosphere

Question 37

Linnaean System

Answer 37

Classification system useful for storing and finding information about living things System: family, puts families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla (singular, phylum), phyla into kingdoms, and kingdoms into domains

Question 38

Genus

Answer 38

A group of similar species ----> First part of scientific name.

Question 39

Taxon

Answer 39

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

Question 40

mechanical isolation

Answer 40

Morphological differences prevent fertilization.

Question 41

abiotic synthesis of polymers

Answer 41

Small organic molecules polymerize when they are concentrated on hot sand or clay

Question 42

formation of protocells

Answer 42

Vesicles form, isolate organic molecules within a membrane

Question 43

origin of single-celled eukaryotes

Answer 43

1.8 billion years ago - small prokaryotes began living in other cells

Question 44

origin of multicellular eukaryotes

Answer 44

1.2 billion years ago algae, plants, fungi, and animals (multicellular organisms) are recorded around 600 million years ago

Question 45

colonization of land

Answer 45

occurred about 500 million years ago when plants, fungi, and animals began to appear on Earth

Question 46

Taxonomy

Answer 46

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Question 47

binomial

Answer 47

2 part scientific name of a species

Question 48

specific epithet

Answer 48

Second part of scientific name, unique for each species within the genus

Question 49

Phylogeny

Answer 49

Evolutionary history of a species

Question 50

Systematics

Answer 50

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 51

convergent evolution

Answer 51

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Question 52

divergent evolution

Answer 52

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

Question 53

Analogy

Answer 53

Similarity due to convergent

Question 54

Behavioral isolation

Answer 54

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding

Question 55

Temporal isolation

Answer 55

when individuals cannot mate due specifically to different mating seasons

Question 56

Habitait isolation

Answer 56

populations live in different habitats and do not meet