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Honors Biology > 13-14-15 Pt 2 > Flashcards

13-14-15 Pt 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Macroevolution

A

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time

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2
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce and is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

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3
Q

Paleontologists

A

scientists who study fossils

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4
Q

fossil record

A

Chronological collection of life’s remains in sedimentary rock layers

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5
Q

Homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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6
Q

homologous structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

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7
Q

vestigial structures

A

Remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species’ ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.

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8
Q

artificial selection

A

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.

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9
Q

genetic variation

A

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

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10
Q

Mutation

A

A change in a gene or chromosome.

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11
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

p² + 2pq + q²

condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time=

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12
Q

Genetic drift

A

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

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13
Q

bottleneck effect

A

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

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14
Q

founder effect (genetic drift)

A

occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and rare allele occur in a higher frequency in a new population than they do in the general population

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15
Q

gene flow

A

movement of alleles from one population to another

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16
Q

relative fitness

A

the contributions an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals

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17
Q

directional selection

A

Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

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18
Q

stabilizing selection

A

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

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19
Q

disruptive selection

A

form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

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20
Q

sexual selection

A

A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.

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21
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.

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22
Q

balancing selection

A

natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population

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23
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.

24
Q

speciation

A

Formation of new species

25
Q

morphological species concept

A

characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features

26
Q

ecological species concept

A

A definition of species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of their environment.

27
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

A definition of species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.

28
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

Barriers that impede mating or hinder fertilization.

29
Q

Proz….wtv

A

Barriers that prevent the hybrid zygote from becoming a fertile adult.

30
Q

allopatric speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

31
Q

adaptive radiation

A

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

32
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

The retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors.

33
Q

punctuated equilibria

A

The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change

34
Q

Stromatolites

A

Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment.

35
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

36
Q

origin of prokaryotes

A

2.2 billion years ago
Fossil stromatolites (still can be found today); consist of layers of bacterial mats
First prokaryotes likely appeared much earlier
Early photosynthetic prokaryotes produced an oxygen atmosphere

37
Q

Linnaean System

A

Classification system useful for storing and finding information about living things

System: family, puts families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla (singular, phylum), phyla into kingdoms, and kingdoms into domains

38
Q

Genus

A

A group of similar species —-> First part of scientific name.

39
Q

Taxon

A

group or level of organization into which organisms are classified

40
Q

mechanical isolation

A

Morphological differences prevent fertilization.

41
Q

abiotic synthesis of polymers

A

Small organic molecules polymerize when they are concentrated on hot sand or clay

42
Q

formation of protocells

A

Vesicles form, isolate organic molecules within a membrane

43
Q

origin of single-celled eukaryotes

A

1.8 billion years ago - small prokaryotes began living in other cells

44
Q

origin of multicellular eukaryotes

A

1.2 billion years ago algae, plants, fungi, and animals (multicellular organisms) are recorded around 600 million years ago

45
Q

colonization of land

A

occurred about 500 million years ago when plants, fungi, and animals began to appear on Earth

46
Q

Taxonomy

A

The scientific study of how living things are classified

47
Q

binomial

A

2 part scientific name of a species

48
Q

specific epithet

A

Second part of scientific name, unique for each species within the genus

49
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a species

50
Q

Systematics

A

study of the diversity of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms

51
Q

convergent evolution

A

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

52
Q

divergent evolution

A

when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

53
Q

Analogy

A

Similarity due to convergent

54
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding

55
Q

Temporal isolation

A

when individuals cannot mate due specifically to different mating seasons

56
Q

Habitait isolation

A

populations live in different habitats and do not meet

Honors Biology (6 decks)

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