13,14,15 Flashcards
Asylum
Place designed to house people with psychological disorders.
Aversive Conditioning
Therapy that pairs something unpleasant with an unwanted behavior to help stop it
Behavior Therapy
Uses learning principles to change unwanted behaviors
Biomedical Therapy
Uses medication or medical procedures to treat mental disorders
Cognitive Therapy
Focuses on changing irrational thoughts that lead to emotional distress
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT
Combines changing negative thoughts and behaviors
Comorbid Disorder
When someone has two or more mental health diagnoses (like depression and substance abuse
Confidentiality
Therapist must keep client information private unless legally required to share
Counterconditioning
Learning a new, healthier response to a trigger that used to cause bad behavior.
Couples Therapy
Therapy for two people in a romantic relationship to work through problems
Cultural Competence
Therapist’s awareness and sensitivity to the client’s culture, race, and ethnicity
Deinstitutionalization
Closing mental hospitals and treating people in community settings instead
Dream Analysis
Analyzing dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts or struggles (used in psychoanalysis
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT
Medical treatment using electric currents to treat severe depression
Exposure Therapy
Helps reduce fear by gradually exposing a person to the feared object or situation
Family therapy
Therapy involving one or more families to resolve shared problems
Free association
Talking freely to uncover unconscious thoughts (used in psychoanalysis)
Group therapy
Therapy with 5 to 10 people who have similar issues led by therapist
Humanistic therapy
Focusses on self-awareness and personal growth
Individual therapy
One on one meetings between client and therapist
Intake
First session where therapist gathers background info and assesses needs
Involuntary treatment
Therapy that is court ordered or required by another authority
Non-directive therapy
Therapist doesn’t give advice, but helps the client explore thoughts and feelings
Play therapy
Mostly used with children, toys, help, express and work through problems
Psychoanalysis
Freud’s method to uncover repressed feelings through techniques like dream analysis
Psychotherapy
General term for talking therapy to address mental health problems where grow personally
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
A type of CBT that focusses on challenging, irrational beliefs
Relapse
Returning to drug/alcohol use after a period of improvement
Rogerian (client centred) therapy
Non-directive therapy, focussed on acceptance and empathy developed by Carl Rogers
Strategic family therapy
Therapist creates a short term plan to address each family member specific problems
Structural family therapy
Therapist looks at family rules, roles, and boundaries to understand problems
Systematic desensitization
Gradual exposure to fears while teaching relaxation (used for phobias and anxiety)
Token economy
Rewards people with tokens for good behaviour tokens can be traded for privileges
Transference
Client projects feelings for others onto the therapist (used in psychoanalysis)
Unconditional positive regard
Accepting a client fully no matter what they say or do (humanistic approach)
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Use this computer simulations to expose clients to their fears safely
Voluntary treatment
Therapy a person chooses to attend on their own
Adaptive information processing model (PTSD)
Says trauma causes distress if the memory isn’t fully process
Agoraphobia
Fear and avoidance of places where escape might be hard during a panic attack
Alterations in arousal and reactivity
Symptoms like irritability, jumpiness, and sleep problems
Antisocial personality disorder
Disregard for others, rights, lying, impulsivity, and no remorse
Anxiety disorder
Ongoing excessive fear and anxiety that affects behaviour
ADHD
Trouble focussing and/or hyperactive and impulsive behaviour
Atypical
Thoughts or behaviours that are not considered normal
Autism spectrum disorder
Problems with social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviours or interests
Avoidance symptoms
Avoiding reminders of trauma, like places or emotions
Bipolar and related disorders
Group of mood disorders were mania is a key feature
Bipolar disorder
Chefs between depression and extreme energy (mania)
Body dysmorphic disorder
Obsessing over a perceived physical flaw
Borderline personality disorder
Unstable moods, relationships, and fear of abandonment
Catatonic behaviour
Little movement or response includes freezing or strange postures
Comorbidity
Having more than one mental disorder at the same time
Complex PTSD (C – PTSD)
A form of PTSD involving long-term trauma not in DSM yet
Delusion
Strongly held false belief that goes against realality
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Feeling disconnected from yourself or your surroundings
Depressive disorder
Mood disorders were depression is the main symptom?
Diagnosis
Deciding which disorder fits a person symptoms
DSM–5
Official manual views to diagnose mental disorders
Diathesis stress model
Disorders happen when a genetic risk (diathesis) meets stress
Disorganized thinking
Thoughts are jumbled hard to follow – common and schizophrenia
Disorganized/abnormal motor behaviour
Odd purposeless, or childlike movements or gestures
Dissociative amnesia
Can’t remember personal info after trauma or stress
Dissociative disorders
Disorders involving disconnect from identity or memory
Dissociative fugue
Sudden travel away with memory loss and confusion about identity
Dissociative identity disorder
Person has two or more distinct personalities, also known as multiple personality disorder
Dopamine hypothesis
Too much dopamine may cause schizophrenia
Etiology
The cause of a disorder
Flashback
Reliving a traumatic event like it’s happening again
Flight of ideas
Jumping quickly from topic to topic (mania symptom)
Generalized anxiety disorder
Constant uncontrollable worry about many things
Grandiose delusion
Belief, you have special powers, status or abilities
Hallucination
Sensing something like voices smells or visuals that isn’t really there
Harmful disfunction
A mental disorder happens when something in the mind breaks down and causes
Hoarding disorder
Struggle to throw away things, even if they have a little value
Hopelessness theory
Thinking bad events will always happen and nothing can improve
Intrusion symptoms
Flashback nightmares and unwanted memories of trauma occurring with PTSD
ICD (international classification of diseases)
WHO’s guide for diagnosing disease diseases, including mental ones
Learning and cognitive processing model
PTSD symptoms developed through conditioning (learning)
Locus Coeruleus
Brain area linked to panic controls flight or fight response
Major depressive disorder
Long lasting sadness and loss of interest in life
Mania
Extremely elevated and energetic mood
Manic episode
A period of intense mania with risky or extreme behaviour
Mood disorder
Mental illnesses with extreme emotions, like depression or mania
Negative symptom
Loss of normal abilities, like motivation or emotional expression
Neurodevelopmental disorder
Disorders that begin in childhood and affect learning or behaviour
Obsessive, compulsive, and relative disorders
Group of disorders with obsessive thoughts, or repetitive actions
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Unwanted thoughts ((obsessions) and rituals ((compulsions.)
Orbitofrontal cortex
Brain part involved in decision-making and learning
Panic attacks
Sudden intense fear with physical symptoms like heart racing
Panic disorder
Having panic attack attacks, and fear of them happening again
Paranoid delusion
Believe others are out to harm you
Peripartum onset (postpartum depression)
Depression during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth birth
Persistent depressive disorder
Long-term low mood that last for at least two years
Personality disorder
Enduring inflexible personality traits that cause problems
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder)
Ongoing distress after traumatic event includes flashbacks, avoidance, and mood issues
Prodromal symptom
Early warning signs before full symptoms appear in schizophrenia
Psychological disorder
Conditions with abnormal thoughts, and emotions or behaviours
Psychopathology
Study of mental illnesses it’s symptoms causes, and treatment
Rumination
Obsessively thinking about one’s depression or problems
Safety behaviour
Avoidance strategies used to reduce anxiety and social situations
Schizophrenia
Severe mental disorder with hallucinations, delusions, disorganized, thinking and negative symptoms
Seasonal pattern, depression
Depression that occurs during specific seasons like winter
Social anxiety disorder
Fear of being judged in social situations and fear of social situations in general
Somatic delusion
False belief, something is wrong with your body
Specific phobia
Extreme fear of particular things (like spiders or heights
Suicidal ideation
Thinking about or planning suicide
Suicide
Death caused by intentional self harm
Supernatural
Something that is beyond scientific explanation
Ventricle
Fluid filled space in the brain
Alarm reaction
First stage of the general adaption syndrome, bodies, immediate response to a threat fight or fight kicks in
Asthma
A psycho physiological disorder where airways become blocked, making it hard to breathe
Bio feedback
Technique using devices to help people learn to control bodily functions like heart rate or muscle
Cardiovascular disorders
Health issues involving the heart and blood vessels (like heart attacks or strokes)
Coping
Mental or behavioural ways people manage stress or their emotions it causes
Cortisol
A stress hormone that gives an energy boost to deal with stress
Daily hassles
Every day irritations (traffic, loss) that can add up and cause stress
Distress
Negative stress, intense, exhausting, and bad for health and performance
Eustress
Positive stress, motivating feels good and supports performance
Fight or flight response
Bodies natural reaction to threat increased heart rate breathing, and sweat powered by the sympathetic nervous system system
Flow
A mental state in full focus and enjoyment in an activity like being “” in the zone
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Hans Selye’s three stage stress, response: alarm resistance and exhaustion
Happiness
A lasting emotional state of contentment, joy, and a sense of meaning in life
Health psychology
The field that studies how behaviour and mental processes affect health and illness
Heart disease
Conditions involving blocked arteries or problems with heart function, including heart attack, and stroke
Hypertension
High blood pressure can be caused or worsened by stress
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
System that controls stress responses by releasing hormones like cortisol
Immune system
Defend the body from infections and ill illnesses
Immuno suppression
Reduced effectiveness of the immune system system often caused by stress
Job burnout
Emotional exhaustion and disconnection from work includes feeling unaccomplished
Job strain
Stress at work due to high demands and low control over decisions
LYMPHOCYTES
White blood cells essential to the immune response
NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY
Tendency to feel emotions like anger, guilt, and fear often
OPTIMISM
A general tendency to expect positive outcomes
PERCEIVED CONTROL
Belief in your ability to influence what happens in your life
POSITIVE AFFECT
Emotional state of joy, enthusiasm, and engagement with the world
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Study of strengths and traits that help people thrive and live meaningful lives
PRIMARY APPRAISAL
First judgment about whether a situation is a threat or not.
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
Study of how mental processes and the nervous system affect the immune system.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Physical illnesses worsened by mental or emotional stress (e.g., ulcers, heart disease
RELAXATION RESPONSE TECHNIQUE
Combines relaxation and meditation to reduce stress
SECONDARY APPRAISAL
Deciding if you have the resources to cope with a stressor
SOCIAL READJUSTMENT RATING SCALE (SRRS
A scale ranking 43 life events by how stressful they are (e.g., divorce, moving, job loss)
SOCIAL SUPPORT
Help from others that can come as advice, comfort, or practical aid
STAGE OF EXHAUSTION
Final phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome; body is worn down and illness can result
STAGE OF RESISTANCE
Second phase of GAS; body tries to resist the stressor and cope
STRESS
The process of responding to perceived threats or challenges
STRESSORS
External events that trigger stress responses
TYPE A
Personality marked by competitiveness, impatience, and hostility
TYPE B
Relaxed, laid-back personality style
