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Psychology 1001 > 12a - Personality > Flashcards

12a - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Define personality.

A

The unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behaviour (An individual’s characteristic pattern of
thinking, feeling and behaving).

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2
Q

Who is known for the Psychodynamic Perspective? (1)

A

Sigmund Freud

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3
Q

Who is known for the Humanistic Perspective? (2)

A

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

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4
Q

Who is known for the Trait Perspective? (2)

A

Gordon Allport, Hans Eyzenck

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5
Q

Who is known for the Interactionist Perspective? (1)

A

Albert Bandura

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6
Q

Name the 5 personality perspectives.

A
  • Psychodynamic Perspective
  • Humanistic Perspective
  • Trait Perspective
  • Interactionist Perspective
  • Situationist perspective
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7
Q

Who is known for the psychoanalytic perspective?

A

Freud

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8
Q

Who is known for the psychodynamic perspective?

A

Adler, Jung (called neo-freudians)

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9
Q

Describe the psychoanalytic perspective.

A
  • Personality and behaviour are shaped by interacting unconscious (hidden internal) forces
  • Emphasis on early experiences (childhood)
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10
Q

Describe conscious thoughts (according to Freud).

A

The thoughts and feelings that we are aware of at any given moment.

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11
Q

Describe preconscious thoughts (according to Freud).

A

Holds memories or feelings that we aren’t consciously thinking about, but can be brought to consciousness.

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12
Q

Describe unconscious thoughts (according to Freud).

A

Holds memories or feelings that are so unpleasant or anxiety-provoking that they are repressed.

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13
Q

What are the 3 forces of the mind?

A
  • ID
  • Super Ego
  • Ego
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14
Q

What is ID?

A
  • A hedonistic, self-satisfying element that operates entirely by the pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification for all it desires (sex, aggression, food, etc.)
  • Mostly unconscious and provides energy that drives behavior
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15
Q

What is Super Ego?

A
  • Moral part of the mind
  • Only wants to do what is right
  • Learned conscience
  • Mostly unconscious
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16
Q

What is Ego?

A
  • Executive (mediator) which tries to satisfy ID and superego
  • Operates according to the Reality Principle
  • If it cannot strike a compromise, results in anxiety (manifested as pathology)
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17
Q

Describe the Psychosexual Stages.

A
  • A child’s personality develops as
    they pass through several stages
  • Key conflicts associated with the body part/stage… e.g., weaning (independence) in the oral stage, and control in the anal stage.
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18
Q

What are the Psychosexual Stages named after?

A

The area of the body that id focuses on (called erogenous zones). e.g., oral, anal, etc.

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19
Q

Describe fixation (related to psychosexual stages according to Freud.

A
  • Must resolve issues at each stage before moving on to the subsequent stage
  • Can get stuck at any stage (unresolved conflict or traumatic events), resulting n certain personalities e.g. overly dependent/needy “oral” personality.
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20
Q

What age is the oral stage?

A

0 -> 1

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21
Q

What age is the anal stage?

A

1 -> 3

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22
Q

What age is the phallic stage?

A

3 -> 6

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23
Q

What age is the latency stage?

A

6 -> puberty

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24
Q

What age is the genital stage?

A

puberty -> adult

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25
Q

What does forceful feeding in the oral stage lead to?

A

Oral Passive personality - trusting, dependency.

26
Q

What does underfeeding in the oral stage lead to?

A

Oral Passive personality - trusting, dependency.

27
Q

What does overfeeding in the oral stage lead to?

A

Oral Aggressive personality - agressive, dominating.

28
Q

What does harsh toilet training in the anal stage lead to?

A

Anal Retentive personality - tidiness, obsessiveness, mean, stubborn.

29
Q

What does lax toilet training in the anal stage lead to?

A

Anal Expulsive personality - untidiness, generosity.

30
Q

What does abnormal family set up in the phallic stage lead to?

A
  • Unusual relationship with mother/father
  • Vanity, self-obsession, sexual anxiety, inadequacy, inferiority, envy.
31
Q

What is determine in the latency stage?

A

Security and competency

32
Q

Is libido/sexual impulses repressed or not during latency stage?

A

Repressed

33
Q

What should be focused on during latency stage?

A

Academics, hobbies, friendships

34
Q

What happens if you settle down in a loving relationship during genital stage?

A
  • Well-adjusted, mature, and able to love and be loved.
  • Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure.
35
Q

Conflicts between what ___ and ___ causes anxiety.

A

ID and super ego (mostly)

36
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

Unconscious tactics used by ego to protect us from anxiety of knowing our unconscious desires.

37
Q

What are the seven defence mechanisms? (and describe)

A
  • Repression
  • Displacement
  • Projection
  • Rationalization
  • Reaction Formation
  • Denial
  • Regression
38
Q

What are repressions?

A

Keep unpleasant thoughts buried deeply in the unconscious mind (most common).

39
Q

What is displacement?

A

Divert unacceptable impulses (desires) to a more acceptable target (e.g. angry at boss at work so lash out at spouse at home).

40
Q

What is projection?

A

Attribute your undesirable qualities to others (e.g if a person said ‘He’s a stingy jerk’ freud would say ‘Yes you must be’).

41
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Contrives socially acceptable, self-justifying explanations to hide the true reasons for an action (e.g. ‘It’s 5 o’Clock somewhere’ - excuse to drink alcohol at 10am).

42
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

Deny unacceptable impulses by emphasizing their opposite. (e.g. You are secretly a coward so you act brave).

43
Q

What is denial?

A

Refuse to accept facts that would be unbearable. (e.g.’Don’t be ridiculous, I don’t have a drinking problem, end of conversation’).

44
Q

What is regression?

A

When faced with a threat, a person retreats to an earlier (more comfortable) stage of development.

45
Q

What is determinism?

A

Nothing occurs by chance. All behaviour is cause by unconscious motives.

46
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

Seemingly innocent mistakes (slip of the tongue) reveal the unconscious.

47
Q

Evaluate Freud’s Theory (4).

A
  • Inadequate evidence - a small limited sample of upper-class women from Vienna.
  • Lack of predictive validity
  • Cannot be tested by scientific methods
  • No evidence for repression of traumatic memories - in fact, it’s the opposite, traumatic events produce relentlessly intrusive memories (PTSD)
48
Q

What were the 5 things all non-Freudians agreed with Freud on and 1 thing they disagreed with?

A
  1. Human behaviour is shaped by interacting or dynamic psychological forces (ID, super ego, ego)
  2. Defence mechanisms
  3. Much of mental life is unconscious
  4. Childhood shapes personality
  5. We struggle with inner conflicts
  6. Freud’s fixation with sex
49
Q

Who are the 3 non-Freudians?

A
  1. Karen Horney
  2. Alfred Adler
  3. Carl Jung
50
Q

What did Karen Horney focus on?

A

Emphasized early childhood experiences of isolation or helplessness could lead to ‘basic’ anxiety.

51
Q

What did Alfred Adler focus on?

A

Thought feeling of mastery (control) were important (not only of bowels). Coined term ‘inferiority complex’ - could be channeled into a drive for superiority.

52
Q

What did Carl Jung focus on?

A

Disagreed with Freud that the unconscious only contained negative things.
Developed concepts of ‘collective unconscious’ (a deeper unconscious universally accessible reservoir), ‘synchronicity’ (meaningful consequence”, and ‘archetypes’ (universal images and ideas common to all people).
Introduced the term ‘persona’ - public mask (a role you play), a socially acceptable version of the unconscious self.

53
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

-Grew out of discontentment with negative dark views of humanity put forth by Freud (and mechanistic approach of behaviorism).
- Desire to study healthy normal individuals with healthy positive aspirations.

54
Q

What was Maslow’s view on personality?

A

We are motivated by a hierarchy of needs and personality arises from striving to meet this.

55
Q

Describe the hierarchy of needs.

A

Top (Being needs)
- Self-actualization
- Esteem Needs
- Belonging Needs
- Safety Needs
- Physiological Needs
Bottom (Deficit needs)

56
Q

What were some common characteristics of people Maslow studied?

A
  • Strong sense of self and purpose in life, open, caring, loving, and accepting.
  • Few, deep relationships (not many superficial).
  • Mature adult qualities.
57
Q

What did Carl Rogers believe?

A

People are good and naturally strive for self-actualization (unless thwarted by a negative environment).

58
Q

Describe Client-Centered Therapy.

A
  • Emphasises unconditional positive regard, an attitude of acceptance of others despite their failings.
  • People come to accept themselves and feel valued in a growth-promoting environment - genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
59
Q

Why was Client-Centered Therapy created?

A

Rogers thought many children formed ‘conditions of worth’ and believed they are loved only ‘conditionally’ (if they meet their parent’s expectations etc.).

60
Q

Evaluate the humanistic perspective (4+, 3-).

A

+
- Influence felt in counseling, education, child-rearing, and management practices.
- Set a warm tone for patient (client) relations.
- Tendency for therapists to emphasize positive self-concept, employ empathy, to view people as basically good and capable of growth.
- Contributed to the field of positive psychology
-
- Concepts vague and subjective and lack scientific basis
- Naive: Fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for evil.
- May reinforce poor/maladaptive behaviour.

Psychology 1001 (8 decks)

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