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BIOLOGY YR12 > 12.6 Cell Cycle And Cell Division > Flashcards

12.6 Cell Cycle And Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase

A

Period between divisions

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2
Q

What 3 stages is interphase in?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 Phase
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3
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell increases in size and new biomass is made

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4
Q

S phase

A

DNA replicates by semi conservative replication

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5
Q

G2 phase

A

Cell prepares for division, synthesis and stores of ATP and new organelles synthesised

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6
Q

Nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis)

A

Period when the nucleus divides into 2 (mitosis) or 4 (meiosis)

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7
Q

Cell division (cytokinesis)

A

Cytoplasm divides to produce 2 new cells or 4 new cells

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8
Q

Not all cells go through all parts of cell cycle particularly…

A

Differentiated cells

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9
Q

Gene is…

A

A section of dna that codes for one specific polypeptide

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

Independent DNA molecule which has been supercoiled into a condensed form (contains many different genes)

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11
Q

Centromere

A

2 genetically identical copies of the DNA molecule are made and attached at this central point

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12
Q

Each of DNA copies…

A

Supercoil using histone proteins to help them coil in eukaryotes

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13
Q

Chromosome number js represented by

A

n

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14
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

Same genes in the same gene loci but different alleles of the genes (one maternal and one paternal)

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15
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes supercoil and become visible

1) nuclear membrane breaks down
2) centrioles start to move to the poles of the cell and make spindle fibres
3) chromosomes supercoil and condense/shorten/thicken and become visible
4) each chromosome appear as 2 identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on the equator of cell

1) centrioles complete the production of spindle fibres
2) chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres by their centromere
3) chromosomes align down the equator of the cell

17
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindles get shorter, centromere splits identical sister chromatids separate

1) spindle fibres shorter
2) centromere splits
3) identical sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles
4) making a “V” shape

18
Q

telophase

A

two nuclei

1) nuclear membrane starts to reform around each set of chromosomes
2) chromatids/chromosomes unwind become longer/thinner and become invincible

19
Q

Describe the appearance and behaviour of chromosomes during mitosis (5marks)

A
  1. During prophase chromosomes supercoil and condense to become visible
  2. Chromosomes appear as 2 identical sister chromatids joined by centromere
  3. During metaphase chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell
  4. Chromosomes attach to spindle fibres
  5. By their centromeres
  6. During anaphase, centromere splits
  7. Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell making V shape
  8. During telophase chromatids uncoil and become thinner
20
Q

Allele

A

one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene

21
Q

As cells are produced…

A

The differentiate and produce various tissues, organs and organ systems and the whole organism

22
Q

once tissues have been formed…

A

Cell divisions stopped

23
Q

Tumour suppressor genes

A

Codes for proteins that slow down the cell cycle

24
Q

Proto-onco genes

A

Codes for proteins that speed up cell cycle

25
Q

Example of control genes

A
  • tumour suppressor genes
  • proto-onco genes
26
Q

If a mutation occurs in one of these control genes…

A

Cell division continues uncontrolled

27
Q

Describe uncontrolled division

A

It’s often rapid and cells produced are abnormal.
Tumour develops
If cells start to spread into the tissue/body, the tumour is regarded as a cancer

28
Q

How cancer is treated

A

Drugs to inhibit cell division
These drugs may stop:
DNA replication, spindle formation, cytokinesis or other processes linked to mitosis

29
Q

Binary fission

A

Replication of Circular DNA
Division of cytoplasm
Replication of Plasmids

30
Q

What 2 solutions does the plant need to be soaked into before observation

A

50 °C Hydrochloric acid
Ethano-orcein stain

31
Q

Why add Ethano-orcein stain

A

To stain the chromosomes (adds contrast) so they can be viewed under the microscope.

32
Q

why add 50 °C Hydrochloric acid

A

To break down the cellulose cell walls, ensuring the stain can enter and the tissue and the root tissue can be squashed into a layer one cell thick so that light passes through the thin sample of tissue /cells.

33
Q

How do you calculate mitotic index

A

MI= number of cells in PMAT / total number of visible cells

34
Q

Serial dilution formula

A

M1 X V1 = M2 X V2

M1 = Desired diluted concentration (mol dm-3)

V1 = Desired Volume (cm3)

M2 = Original concentration (mol dm-3)

V2 = Unknown Volume of stock solution (cm3)

BIOLOGY YR12 (13 decks)

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