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BIOLOGY YR12 > 12.10 Gas exchange > Flashcards

12.10 Gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

IN OR OUT
1. Respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
2. Nutrients (glucose, amino acids and lipids)
3. Excretory products (carbon dioxide and urea)
4. Heat

A
  1. IN OR OUT
  2. IN
  3. IN OR OUT
  4. OUT
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2
Q

If the surface area decreases does it increase or decrease SA:VOL ????

A

increase

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3
Q

Oxygen is required to produce…during…

A

ATP
AEROBIC RESPIRATION

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4
Q

In diffusion the net moves…

A

from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

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5
Q

what is Fick’s law? (equation)

A

Rate of diffusion = SA x Conc gradient / diffusion distance or pathway

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6
Q

what makes a good exchange surface?

A

Large surface area
Large concentration gradient
Thin exchange surface

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7
Q

what is the downside to the insect’s surface for gas exchange?

A

It’s favorable for evaporation leading to fatal dehydration

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8
Q

How insects limit water loss

A
  1. waterproof covering over their body surface. This is usually rigid outer skeleton (exoskeleton) covered with waterproof cuticle
  2. Relatively small surface area to volume ratio to minimise water loss
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9
Q

How oxygen moves through insect

A
  1. Oxygen enters the insect spiracles and into the trachae
    2.Spriracles close
  2. Oxygen diffuses through the tracheae into the tracheoles down a conc grad
  3. Oxygen is delivered directly to respiratory tissues
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10
Q

How the structure of the insect is adapted to gas exchange

A

Spiracles - tiny pores for gas to enter and exit through as they open and close. (open when CO2 levels increase)

Tracheoles - small tubes with thin walls so diffusion distance is reduced
Highly branched so large surface area

Trachae - tubes full of air for diffusion is fast

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11
Q

Oxygen diffusion

A
  1. tissue respire using oxygen - reduces conc of oxygen at tissue
  2. Oxygen moves for high to low conc so moves from trachae to tissue
  3. lowers oxygen conc in tracheae so oxygen moves into the tracheae from outside via spiricles
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12
Q

Carbon dioxide

A
  1. respiration produces CO2 inc conc at tissue
  2. Co2 moves from high to low conc at tissue to tracheae
  3. Co2 move from high conc in tracheae to low conc outside insect via spiracle
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13
Q

explain abdominal pumping

A

movement of insect’s muscles create mass movement of air in or out trachea thus inc rate of gas exchange.
small air sacs in trachea and muscles around trachea contract and pump air in sacs deeper into tracheoles.

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14
Q

Oxygen during flight

A

at rest water builds up in insect’s tracheoles

During flight insect respire anaerobically and produce lactate (lactic acid)

lowers water potential of muscle cells. As lactate builds up water passes via osmosis from the tracheoles into muscle cells

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15
Q

two ways where structure of fish gills is adapted for gas exchange

A
  1. many fillaments/lamellae so there’s a large surface area
  2. Lamellae are thin for a short diffusion distance/pathway
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16
Q

structure of fish

A
  1. 5 fills each side of its head
  2. water moves in through mouth and out through the gills.
  3. they have gill fillaments that have lamellae
  4. water carrying oxygen enters through fish’s mouth, passes through lamellae on gill fillaments where most oxygen is removed.
  5. finally water containing little oxygen leaves through gill opening
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17
Q

a fish uses its gills to absorb oxygen from water. Explain how the gills of a fish are adapted for efficient gas exchange (6)

A
  1. LArge SA provided by many lamellae so diffusion is more effiecient
  2. Thin epithellium of lamellae distance between water and blood so short diffusion distance
  3. water and blood flow in. oppsite directions (counter currantflow) so conc gradient is maintaned
  4. as water always next to blood w/ lower concentration of oxygen
  5. circulation replaces blood saturated with oxygen
  6. ventillation replaces water
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18
Q

Explain how counter current mechanism in fish gills ensures the maximum amount of oxygen passes into the blood flowing through gills (3)

A
  1. water and blood flow in opposite directions
  2. Blood always passing water with higher oxygen conc
  3. Oxygen diffusion / conc gradient maintained across full length of gill lamellae/fillament
19
Q

structure of the leaf

A

-cuticle
- upper epidermis cells
-palisade mesophyll cells
-spongy mesophyll cells
-sub-stomatal air space
-lower epidermis cells

20
Q

Adaptions of leaf for gas exchange

A
  1. flat - larger surface area to volume ratio
  2. many stomata - pores allow air to move in and out of leaf
  3. air spaces in leaf so short distance between mesophyll cells and air
21
Q

Diffusion of co2 for photosynthesis

A
  1. mesophyll cells photosynthesis and this reduces the conc of co2 in cells
  2. co2 diffuses into air spaces from cells
  3. this in turn reduces the co2 conc into airspaces causing co2 to. move into air spaces from outside the leaf through stomata
22
Q

Diffusion of O2 (leaf)

A
  1. mesophyll cells prod o2 from photosynthesis
  2. o2 diffuses into airspaces from cells
  3. this inc conc of o2 in air spaces causing o2 to move from air spaces to outside leaf via stomata
23
Q

how they’re adapted to reduce water loss

A

Air spaces saturated with water vapour from xylem and water diffuses out of stomata as it evapourates

at night guard cells close stomata
waxy cuticle

24
Q

Describe how co2 in air outside a leaf reaches mesophyll cells inside a leaf

A
  1. CO2 enters via stomata
  2. stomata opened by guard cells
  3. diffuses through air spaces
    4.down diffusion gradient
25
Q

xerophytic plants and their adaptions

A

These are plants that live ina dry/arid environments so have leaf adaptions to avoid water loss

  1. Reduced number of stomata = less surface area for water loss
    2.Stomata in pits = reduced conc gradient
  2. Hair to trap water = reduced conc gradient
  3. Rolled leaves = Reduced conc gradient
  4. Leaves reduced to spines = Less surface area for water loss
  5. Thick waxy cuticles = inc diffusion distance
26
Q

Lung structure

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm

27
Q

Trachea

A

It’s a wind tube like structure that carries air from mouth to lungs

28
Q

Bronchi

A

Trachea splits into 2 bronchi as it enters the lungs which allows air to travel to left and right lung

29
Q

Bronchioles

A

Bronchi further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles. This then supply the alveoli with air

30
Q

Describe the alveoli structure

A

-small sacks at the end that act as an interference between air in lungs and blood
- large surface area and dense capillary network to maintain efficient diffusion rates
- total alveolar surface area in human adults is 70m^2
- rich blood supply with circulates the blood to maintain a large concentration gradient between gases in blood and alveoli
- deoxygenated blood is brought to lungs by pulmonary artery from heart and return oxygenated via pulmonary vein

31
Q

What is a Thin squashed cell also known as?

A

Squamous

32
Q

Breathing is not…

A

Respiring

33
Q

Breathing is…

A

A result of the difference in pressure between lungs and air outside the body
Pressure inside lungs is changed by changes in lung volume

34
Q

Describe Inhalation

A
  • external intercostal muscles contract pulling up rib cage UP and OUT
  • Diaphragm contracts and pulls down
  • Theoretic cavity volume increases
  • Pressure in lungs lower than atmospheric pressure
  • Air moves into lungs down a pressure gradient
35
Q

Describe Exhalation

A
  • External intercostal muscles relax
  • Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
  • Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  • Pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure
  • Air moves out of lungs down a pressure gradient
36
Q

Diffusion of gases in lungs

A

-deoxygenated blood form pulmonary artery has low conc of oxygen a d high conc of CO2 compared to air inside alveoli
- as blood reaches capillaries surrounding the alveoli

37
Q

Pulmonary ventilation equation

A

Pulmonary ventilation rate (dm^3 min^-1) = tidal volume (dm^3) x breathing rate (min^-1)

38
Q

Tidal volume

A

Natural breathing volume

39
Q

Inspiratory/expiratory rate

A

Extra volume for a deep breath

40
Q

Residual volume

A

Air that remains in lungs to prevent collapse of alveoli

41
Q

Vital capacity

A

Max volume of air a person can expel from the lungs

42
Q

Corrolent coefficient is…

A

Used when examining an association between two sets of continuous data

43
Q

Null hypothesis..

A

No significant correlation between x and y

44
Q

Conclusion:

A

-Accept null hypothesis if P value > 0.05
-
- probability of any association between A and B being due to chance is greater than 5% so association isn’t significant
- reject null hypothesis (chance less than 5%)

BIOLOGY YR12 (13 decks)

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