126-170

Question 1

Intrinsinc (integral) protein

Answer 1

A membrane protein spanning the membrane from one surface to the other.

Question 2

Ion channel

Answer 2

(Leakage, voltage-dependent, ligand dependent)
A pore enabling the ions to pass through the membrane. An ion channel is formed by intrinsic membrane proteins. An ion channel can either be continuously open (leakage), opened by a change in membrane potential (voltage-dependent) or pass through a ligand (signal) molecule (ligand-dependent).

Question 3

Ion pump

Answer 3

An active transport process moving ions through the membrane using energy stored in ATP molecules.

Question 4

Isometric (isovolumic) contraction (in the heart)

Answer 4

The contraction of the ventricles while the valves are closed and the volume is constant.

Question 5

Isometric (isocolumic) relaxation

Answer 5

The relaxation of the ventricles while the valves are closed and the volume is constant.

Question 6

Isometric contraction

Answer 6

The contraction of muscles at a constant length when only the tension changes.

Question 7

Isotonic contraction

Answer 7

The contraction of muscles at constant tension when only length changes.

Question 8

Isotropic

Answer 8

An optically homogenous material in which the transmission is independent of the plane of the polarized light.

Question 9

Keto-sugar

Answer 9

A sugar containing a ketone group. Ex. fructose.

Question 10

Lactose

Answer 10

A disaccharide formed by glucose and galactose molecules.

Question 11

Laminar flow

Answer 11

The movement of fluid or air, during which layers are sliding smoothly on each other.

Question 12

Ligand

Answer 12

A signaling molecule that can specifically bind to a receptor.

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

Compounds that are soluble in non-polar solvents.

Question 14

Lipoprotein

Answer 14

A protein molecule containing lipid groups.

Question 15

Long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 15

A long-lasting increase of the efficiency in a synapse following strong stimulation in some parts of the central nervous system.

Question 16

Lymphocyte

Answer 16

A white blood cell responsible for the production of antibodies.

Question 17

Maximal ejection

Answer 17

The part of the heart cycle that follows the opening og the semilunar valves during systole.

Question 18

Mean electrical axis

Answer 18

The direction of the electrical vector of the heart at the peak of the R-wave.

Question 19

Memory cell

Answer 19

A lymphocyte specialized for the long-term storage of the code to synthesize an antibody.

Question 20

Metarteriole

Answer 20

A vessel which connects the arterioles and the venules. True capillary originates from here.

Question 21

Microvilli

Answer 21

Small, fingerlike protrusions of the apical membrane. They increase the surface of some epithelial cells.

Question 22

Miniature end-plate potential

Answer 22

Small, quantal changes of membrane potential in the neuromuscular synapse. They are caused by the spontaneous presynaptic release of transmitter molecules.

Question 23

Mitral valve

Answer 23

Bicuspid valve between the left atrium and ventricle.

Question 24

Monocyte

Answer 24

A large white blood cell with phagocyte function.

Question 25

Monosaccharide

Answer 25

A simple sugar. Eks. glucose, fructose.

Question 26

Multipolar neuron

Answer 26

A nerve cell with many processes. Most neurons are multipolar.

Question 27

Muscarinic acetylchlorine receptor

Answer 27

An ACh reseptor at which muscarine mimics the effect og acetyl chlorine.

Question 28

Muscle twitch

Answer 28

Contraction and relaxation caused by a single action potential in the muscle.

Question 29

Myelin sheet

Answer 29

Insulation around the axon formed by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes wrapping the axon into 50-100 layers of membrane

Question 30

Myofibril

Answer 30

A longitudinal unit of muscle fiber. It is made up of sarcomeres and is surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 31

Myoglobin

Answer 31

An iron-containing, oxygen binding protein molecule in the muscles that resembles hemoglobin.

Question 32

NAD

Answer 32

A co-enzyme. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Question 33

Nernst equation

Answer 33

An equation for calculating the electrochemical equilibrium conditions.

Question 34

Neurit

Answer 34

The processes of neuronal cells.

Question 35

Neurocrine communication

Answer 35

Communication in which the signal reaches the target cell through the synaptic cleft.

Question 36

Neuromodulator

Answer 36

A signal molecule that changes the neurons function. Neuromodulators usually have a broader and longer lasting effect than neurotransmitters.

Question 37

Neuromuscular endplate

Answer 37

Synapses between the motoneuron and the muscle fiber.

Question 38

Neurotransmitter (mediator).

Answer 38

A signaling molecule which interacts with the receptors in the postsynaptic membrane and that usually modify the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell.

Question 39

Neutrophil granulocyte

Answer 39

A white blood cell containing vesicles stained by neutral stains.

Question 40

Nicotinic acetylchlorine receptor

Answer 40

An Ach reseptor at which nicotine mimics the effects of acetylchlorine.

Question 41

Nissl substance

Answer 41

A characteristic component of nerve cells corresponding to rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 42

Node of Ranvier

Answer 42

One of the regularly spaced interruptions of the myelin sheet between two Schwann cells along an axon.

Question 43

Non-covalent bonds or weak forces

Answer 43

Supplimental, but important interactions between and within biological molecules. Ex. hydrogen bonds.

Question 44

Non-polar

Answer 44

(hydrophobic/lipophilic)

Substances that completely or partially lack separated charges that can be dissolved in lipids.

Question 45

Nucleoside

Answer 45

Similar to nucleotide, but doesn’t contain a phosphate group.
(Nucleotide - The building blocks of nucleic acids formed by purine or ppyrimidine base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group).