12.4

Question 1

functional molecules and the phenotype

Answer 1

-proteins are important to cell structure and function and thus an organsims phenotype
- a single nucleotide change in the gene that encodes hemoglobin changes the cellular phenotype from round to sickle shaped
-transferring a gene encoding a fluorescent protein into pigs results in yellow coloration to some areas of exposed skin

Question 2

mutations alter gene and protein sequenes

Answer 2

1. point mutations alter a single base
   a. silent mutation
   b. Missense mutation
   c. nonsense mutation
2. framshift mutation
   mutations generate extensive changes in chromsome structure

Question 3

silent mutation

Answer 3

change to DNA nucleotide does not alter amino acid

Question 4

Missense mutation

Answer 4

change to DNA nucleotide changes encoded amino acid

Question 5

nonsense mutation

Answer 5

change to DNA nucleotide leads to a stop codon

Question 6

frameshift mutation

Answer 6

changes downstream reading frame often with major consequences

Question 7

mutations generate extensive changes in chromsome structure

Answer 7

deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation

Question 8

deletion

Answer 8

part of chromosome is lost

Question 9

duplication

Answer 9

part of chromosome is copied

Question 10

inversion

Answer 10

part of chromosome is in reverse order

Question 11

translocation

Answer 11

part of one chromosome is moved to another chromosome