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CardioPulm > 12.2 B > Flashcards

12.2 B Flashcards

1
Q

How does the mean arterial pressure in the various organs differ from one another?

A

they all have the same pressure differential (MAP-RAP)

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2
Q

Given that the pressure differential across each organ is the same, what accounts for the variability in flow across each?

A

differences in resistance

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3
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

the systolic pressure minus the diastolic pressure

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4
Q

What is the runoff phase?

A

the part of the cardiac cycle in which blood is only leaving the arteries

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5
Q

What is the main factor determining the rate of blood leaving the arterial system (runoff)?

A

arteriolar resistance (TPR)

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6
Q

How can we calculate MAP from systole and diastole?

A

MAP = diastolic pressure + (1/3 systolic pressure)

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7
Q

Diastolic arterial pressure is determined by what factors?

A
  • rate of runoff

- duration of runoff

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8
Q

What happens to runoff when systemic arteries are dilated?

A

TPR is decreased, flow increases, runoff increases, arterial diastolic pressure decreases

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9
Q

Diastolic arterial pressure can be increased by doing what two things?

A
  • increasing TPR via arteriolar constriction

- increasing heart rate

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10
Q

What are the three determinants of arterial systolic pressure?

A
  • ejection rate
  • stroke volume
  • arterial compliance
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11
Q

How does aortic stenosis affect the arterial systolic pressure?

A
  • stenosis decreases ejection rate

- pressure is reduced in the arteries

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12
Q

Increased stroke volume will do what to arterial systolic pressure?

A

increase it

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13
Q

Decreased arterial compliance will do what to arterial pressure?

A

increase systolic arterial pressure

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14
Q

How is compliance mathematically defined?

A

compliance = (volume change)/(pressure change) = (stroke volume)/(pulse pressure)

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15
Q

If pulse pressure is different between two people, it can likely be attributed to what?

A

a difference in stroke volume

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16
Q

If pulse pressure changes in an individual over a short period of time, it can be attributed to what?

A

either a change in stroke volume or a change in complicance

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17
Q

What happens to diastolic arterial pressure when compliance is reduced?

A

it drops more quickly and reaches a lower value

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18
Q

Which blood vessels have the lowest velocity of blood flow?

A

capillares

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19
Q

How, if cardiac output must equal the flow through the whole system, do capillaries have slow flow?

A

because taken all together, capillaries have the most cross sectional area of any set of vessels

20
Q

Most blood is found in which part of the system?

A

systemic veins

21
Q

A small change in blood volume will have what effect on pressure in the veins versus the arteries?

A

with increased compliance, an increase in blood volume has little change on the pressure within veins

22
Q

Why does venous constriction/dilation have little effect on venous resistance?

A

because the radius only changes slightly

23
Q

Venous constriction significantly increases _____ without significantly altering _____. This allows for what?

A
  • pressure without significantly altering resistance

- allowing for increased venous return with venous constriction

24
Q

How are centimeters of water converted to mm Hg?

A

centimeters x 1.36.

25
Q

What is an example of series resistance in the human body?

A

TPR

26
Q

What is an example of parallel resistance in the human body?

A

resistance in the organs

27
Q

TPR is (lower/higher) than the lowest organ vascular resistance?

A

lower since the organs are in parallel

28
Q

What is the conversion rate for mm Hg to dynes?

A

mm Hg x 1330

29
Q

What is a normal value of TPR?

A

1 mm Hg/ml/sec

30
Q

Poiseuille’s law says what about resistance?

A

that a small decrease in radius will greatly increase the resistance of a tube

31
Q

Poiseuille’s law says what about viscosity?

A

as viscosity increases, so does resistance of a tube

32
Q

Viscosity of blood is largely determined by what?

A

the erythrocyte concentration (hematocrit)

33
Q

What happens to the rate of flow when that flow becomes turbulent?

A

flow decreases

34
Q

Turbulent blood flow is more likely if what changes?

A
  • flow increases
  • viscosity decreases
  • vessel radius decreases
35
Q

What happens to resistance of flow when that flow becomes turbulent?

A

it greatly increases

36
Q

Sphygmomanometers function on the basis of what hemodynamic factor?

A

turbulent blood flow due to arterial collapse under the pressure of the cuff

37
Q

What is an ankle brachial index?

A
  • use doppler to identify systolic pressure in the leg

- systolic in leg/systolic in brachial artery should be between 1 and 1.4

38
Q

If the ankle brachial index is below 1, it is indicative of what?

A

large plaques in the arteries to the legs or coarctation of the aorta

39
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

A

the idea that muscle contraction is used to drive blood flow in the veins

40
Q

Inspiration does what to venous return?

A

increases venous return to the right heart

41
Q

Inspiration has what effect on the left heart?

A
  • pulmonary veins distend
  • pressure in pulmonary veins decreases
  • flow is diminished
  • return to left atrium decreases
42
Q

Expiration will do what to the immediate heart rate?

A

it slows it slightly as pulmonary vein return to the left heart increases and stroke volume increases

43
Q

How does arterial pressure change during the valsalva maneuver?

A
  • it initially increases as stroke volume in the left heart increases
  • continued increased intrathoracic pressure decreases venous return
  • eventually arterial pressure drops as less blood becomes available to the left heart
44
Q

What happens to venous return when central venous pressure increases?

A

return decreases since the pressure differential in the venous system decreases

45
Q

What happens to ventricular filling when central venous pressure increases?

A

ventricular filling increases

46
Q

A venous function curve puts what to lines on a graph?

A

1) venous return and 2) cardiac output as functions of central venous pressure

47
Q

Where is the steady state on a venous function curve?

A

where the two curves intersect and venous return equals cardiac output

CardioPulm (31 decks)

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