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yr 1 uni work > 122 > Flashcards

122 Flashcards

1
Q

integument body system components

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

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2
Q

integuments body system functions

A

protection
temp regulation
waste elimination
helps make vit D
detects sensations

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3
Q

skeletal body system components

A

bones, joints, cartilage

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4
Q

skeletal body system functions

A

support and protection
muscle attachments
house cells that produce blood cells
stores mineral and lipids

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5
Q

muscular system components

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

muscular system functions

A

enables movement
stabilises body position
generates heat

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7
Q

cardiovascular system components

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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8
Q

cardiovascular system functions

A

transport substances
temp regulation
water content reg
defence against disease
repair of tissues

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9
Q

lymphatic and immune system components

A

lymphatic fluid
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
bone marrow
spleen
thymus
tonsils

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10
Q

lymphatic and immune system functions

A

returns proteins and fluid to blood
carries lipids from GI tract to blood
protects against disease and cancer

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11
Q

endocrine system components

A

hormone producing glands
e.g. hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus

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12
Q

endocrine system functions

A

co-ordinate body functions, release hormones from glands to have effect on target organs

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13
Q

nervous system components

A

brain, spinal cords, nerves, special sense organs

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14
Q

nervous system functions

A

generate nerve impulses to regulate body activities
detects stimuli and responds
initiates muscle contraction or gland secretion

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15
Q

respiratory system components

A

lungs and air passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli

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16
Q

respiratory system function

A

gaseous exchange, regulates acid-base balance, enables sound production when air passes through vocal cords

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17
Q

digestive system components

A

organs= mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestines
accessory organs= salivary glands, gall bladder, liver, pancreas

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18
Q

digestive system functions

A

physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solids

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19
Q

urinary system components

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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20
Q

urinary system functions

A

produce store and eliminate urine,
eliminate metabolic waste,
regulates vol and chem composition of blood,
maintains acid-base balance,
regulates production of RBCs

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21
Q

reproductive system components

A

female= ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina
male= testes, epididymus, vas deferens, penis

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22
Q

reproductive system functions

A

gamete production
hormone release- regulates production and associated body changes during puberty

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23
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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24
Q

endoderm tissues

A

inside
epithelial cells

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25
Q

ectoderm tissues

A

outside
epithelial cells
nerve tissue

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26
Q

mesoderm

A

middle
epithelial cells
connective tissue
muscle tissue

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27
Q

what are the 5 type of cell junctions

A

tight
adherens
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap

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28
Q

tight junction

A

adjacent plasma membranes wit strands of trans-membrane proteins
prevents passage of molecules and pathogens

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29
Q

adherens junctions

A

adjacent plasma membranes
mechanical role
adhesion belt made from actin and plaque with cadherins between membranes

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30
Q

what is a cadherin

A

transmembrane glycoprotein

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31
Q

desmosome juction

A

mechanical role
adjacent plasma membranes
has cadherins between membranes
no adhesion belt like in adherens but instead has intermediate filament of keratin

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32
Q

hemidesmosome junction

A

difference to desmosome is it connects basement membrane
has integrins instead of cadherin in extracellular space

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33
Q

gap junction

A

allows passage of ions and monosaccharides like glucose
so can be metabolic coupled and electrical signals can be transmitted.
adjacent plasma membranes
connexons which are composed of connexins

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34
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

detect internal and external changes in conditions and acts to maintain homeostasis

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35
Q

what are the 2 main types of cells in nervous tissues

A

neurons
neuroglia

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36
Q

neuroglia

A

non-conducting
insulate
support
protect the neurons

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37
Q

neurons

A

generate and conduct nerve impulses

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38
Q

neuron cell body

A

has nucleus and other organelles

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39
Q

neuron dendrites

A

receive signals
the spiky bits at end kinda

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40
Q

neuron axons

A

conduction over long distance

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41
Q

3 types of neuronal cell

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

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42
Q

frontal lobe of brain

A

executive functions like
thinking
planning
organising
problem solving
emotion
behavioural control
personality

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43
Q

motor cortex in brain

A

movement

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44
Q

sensory cortex

A

sensations

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45
Q

parietal lobe

A

perception
making sense of world
arithmetic
spelling

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46
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of head
vision

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47
Q

temporal lobe

A

memory
understanding
language

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48
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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49
Q

where does skeletal muscle attach

A

bones of skeleton

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50
Q

is skeletal muscle control voluntary

A

yes its under conscious control

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51
Q

skeletal muscle looks

A

long
cylindrical cells
lots of peripheral nuclei
myofilament arrangement making it striated

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52
Q

wheres cardiac muscle found

A

only in walls of heart

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53
Q

how do cardiac muscle cells join

A

end-end via intercalated discs

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54
Q

is cardiac muscle involuntary movement

A

yes

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55
Q

cardiac muscle is not striated t/f

A

false is striated with central nuclei

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56
Q

has smooth muscle got striation

A

no

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57
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

in walls of hollow structures such as blood vessels, lung airways, intestines

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58
Q

in intestines how is smooth muscle connected

A

via gap junctions

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59
Q

cell thickness and nucleus in smooth muscle

A

central nucleus
cells thick in middle and taper at each end

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60
Q

epithelial cells form continuous sheets t/f

A

true

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61
Q

functions os epithelial tissue

A

cover body surfaces
lines hollow organs
forms glands

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62
Q

epithelial tissue is not avascular t/f

A

false it is

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63
Q

epithelial tissue is innervated t/f

A

true

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64
Q

does epithelial tissue have a high proliferative potential

A

yes - high rate of cell division

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65
Q

what type of junction does epithelium have

A

hemidesmosomes

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66
Q

whats 1 layer of epithelium cells called

A

simple

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67
Q

whats multiple layers of epithelial cells called

A

stratified

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68
Q

simple squamous function

A

filtration or exchange via diffusion

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69
Q

simple squamous location

A

kidney
capillaries
alveoli
lymphatic vessels

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70
Q

simple cuboidal function

A

secretion and absorption

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71
Q

simple cuboidal location

A

kidney tubules
small glands

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72
Q

simple columnar non ciliated function

A

absorption and secretion

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73
Q

simple columnar non ciliated location

A

digestive tract
gall bladder
some excretory glands

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74
Q

simple columnar ciliated function

A

move mucous in lungs and eggs down fallopian tubules

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75
Q

simple columnar ciliated location

A

upper respiratory tract
fallopian tubes

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76
Q

stratified squamous function

A

protection from abracion

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77
Q

stratified squamous location

A

oesophagus (non-keratinised)
epidermis(keritanised)

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78
Q

stratified cuboidal function

A

protection
secretion absorption

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79
Q

stratified cuboidal location

A

large ducts of glands

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80
Q

stratified columnar function

A

protection
secretion

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81
Q

stratified columnar location

A

urethra
ducts of some glands liek salivary

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82
Q

transitional epithelium function

A

permits distension

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83
Q

transitional epithelium location

A

urinary bladder
ureters

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84
Q

3 types of epithelial cell secretion

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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85
Q

how common is merocrine secretion

A

very common

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86
Q

where is an example of where merocrine secretion occurs

A

goblet cells

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87
Q

how common is apocrine secretion

A

uncommon

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88
Q

examples of where apocrine secretion occurs

A

prostate gland
lactating mammary glands

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89
Q

overview of how apocrine secretion works

A

secreted in a part of the cell that is pinched of

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90
Q

holocrine secretion overview on how it works

A

a mature cell dies and becomes the secretory product
cell division replaces lost cell

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91
Q

how rare is holocrine secretion

A

rare

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92
Q

where does holocrine secretion take place

A

e.g. sebaceous glands

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93
Q

endocrine glandular epithelium

A

ductless
typically secrete hormones

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94
Q

exocrine glandular epithelium

A

unicellular- goblet cells secrete mucin
multicellular- simple or compound

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95
Q

functions of connective tissue

A

binds, supports, strengthen tissue
protects/supports organs
compartmentalises
transport systems
immune function
energy storage

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96
Q

the 3 types of protein fibres in connective tissue

A

collagen-non elastic, strong, flexible
elastic- fibrillin and elastin
reticular- thin and branched collagen with other proteins

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97
Q

connective tissue structure

A

cell types vary between different tissue
extra cellular matrix
protein fibres- collagen, elastic, reticular

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98
Q

loose connective tissue types

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

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99
Q

dense connective tissue types

A

regular
irregular
elastic

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100
Q

cartilage connective tissue types

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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101
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

semifluid ground substance surrounds blood vessels and nerves
all 3fibres loosely dispersed
fibroblasts predominate and secrete fibres and ground substance

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102
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

adapted to store triglycerides
also a shock absorber and insulator in subcutaneous tissue
adipocytes predominate

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103
Q

reticular loose connective tissue

A

interwoven reticular fibres associate with reticular cells
forms stroma in reticular organs like lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

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104
Q

regular dense connective tissue

A

closely packed parallel collagen fibres
found in areas where tension is exerted along axis of fibres
e.g. tendons and ligaments, cornea, sclera

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105
Q

elastic dense connective tissue

A

combines strength with elasticity
recoils easily
e.g. artery walls

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106
Q

irregular dense connective tissue

A

thick and irregular collagen fibres
found where tension is exerted in many different planes
e.g. dermis of skin

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107
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most widely distributed
at ends of bones
firm support with flexibility
shock absorber
forms articular cartilage at ends of long bones yielding low-friction surfaces for joints

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108
Q

elastin cartilage

A

has more elastin fibres than hyaline cartilage
found where strength and flexibility needed
e.g. external eat

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109
Q

fibrocartilage cartiliage

A

parallel collagen fibres-chondrocytes in between
strong and rigid
strongest of all cartilage types
found where strong support needed
e.g. intervertebral discs

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110
Q

bone- connective tissue type

A

collagen fibres with matrix of inorganic salts
support and protects soft tissue
fat storage and synthesis of blood cells (stem cell niche)

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111
Q

blood- connective tissue type

A

atypical connective tissue as its a liquid
red and white blood cells surrounded by fluid plasma matrix

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112
Q

basic components of a homeostatic system

A

receptor
control centre
effector
negative feedback

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113
Q

proportion of body weight thats water in newborns, men and women

A

newborn- 80%
male- 60%
female- 50%

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114
Q

distribution of body fluids

A

plasma- 3l
interstitial fluid- 12l
intracellular fluid- 25l
overal 40l

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115
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from area of low solute conc to area of higher solute conc

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116
Q

components of urinay system

A

kidney
ureters
bladder
urethra

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117
Q

whats the renal corpuscle

A

made up of glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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118
Q

where does blood enter the glomerulus

A

enters afferent arteriole and exits efferent arteriole

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119
Q

what doesnt enter the bowmans capsue

A

proteins as slit membrane between pedicels hold the medium sized protein back
amd the basal lamina of glomerulus holds large proteins back

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120
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption back into blood- water, Na+, glucose, AA, Cl-, HCO3

secretion into tubular fluid- H+, NH4+, urea

lost of mitochondria present as energy needed for active transport
also microvilli fro large SA

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121
Q

where does water move in descending limb of loop of henle

A

out as medulla solute concentration increases
tubular fluid very concentrated at hairpin

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122
Q

ascending limb of LoH

A

NaCl diffuses into medulla interstitial at base

active transport of NaCl as you go up limb which creates salt conc grad so ascending limb is impermeable to water

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123
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption back in blood- Na+, water, Cl-

secretion- H+, K+ NH4+M, urea

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124
Q

collecting duct reabsorption back into blood

A

water- if ADH causes more aquaporin channels then more conc urine.

Na+- no ADH dilute urine

urea- recycling into base of LoH to increase solute conc

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125
Q

collecting duct secretion into tubular fluid

A

K+
H+- adjust blood pH

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126
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

15-20%
LoH extends deep into medulla so does this

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127
Q

cortical nephron

A

80-85%
reach renal medulla but not as far as juxtamedullary

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128
Q

dehydration symptoms

A

diarrhoea/vommiting
weight loss
thirsty
light headedness
kidney failure

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129
Q

overhydration symptoms

A

water intoxication
digestive problems
behavioural changes
seizures
coma

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130
Q

ADH and dehydration

A

more water is reabsorbed from collecting ducts back into body
conc urine
water conserved

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131
Q

wheres ADH made

A

hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary gland

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132
Q

ANP- atrial natriuretic peptide

A

overhydration
blood vol increase
atria stretch- ANP prodcued
natriuresos- loss of na and cl in urine
water follows electrolytes
blood vol decreeases

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133
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

movement
posture
support soft tissue
control openings/exits- urine, swallowing
maintain body temp
nutrient reserve

134
Q

why id skeletal muscle apear striated

A

because of aligned sarcomeres

135
Q

what are myofibrils comprised of

A

many myofilaments, thick and thin. aranged into sarcomeres

136
Q

what are myfibrils surrounded by

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores Ca2+

137
Q

t-tubules

A

continuous with sarcolemma
transfer action potential to the myofibrils

138
Q

is actin thick or thin

A

thin

139
Q

is myosin thick or thin

A

thick

140
Q

M-line in sarcomere

A

middle line- attaches thick filaments together

141
Q

A-band in sarcomere

A

dark bands contains mysosin and actin

142
Q

I-band in sarcomere

A

light bands, contain only actin

143
Q

H-band in sarcomere

A

contains only myosin

144
Q

z-line in sarcomere

A

joins adjacent sarcomeres - actin

145
Q

zone of overlap in sarcomere

A

where actin and myosin overlap
myosin
actin
titin

146
Q

how does sarcomere contract

A

sliding filamanets
myosin filaments interact with actin and pull the actin towards too the M line
shortens sarcomere but not length of actin or myosin

147
Q

titin

A

prevents over extension of sarcomere

148
Q

what proteins are attached to actin

A

regulatory proteins
troponin and tropomyosin

149
Q

when muscle relaxed the myosin binding site is what

A

the binding site on actin is covered by tropomyosin

150
Q

how does myosin binding site get uncovered

A

when stimulated Ca enters
ca binds to troponin whihc causes tropomyosin to uncover myosin binding sites
so myosin can binds to actin and cause contraction

151
Q

whats a crossbridge formation

A

myosin binding to actin

152
Q

power stroke

A

stored energy in myosin head is release and myosin head pivots. hapens when ADP and phosphate are released

153
Q

why does the crossbridge break

A

because ATP binds myosin head

154
Q

myosin reactivation

A

myosin head splits ATP into ADP +P so head s re-cocked ready for next contraction

155
Q

what spreads down t-tubules

A

action potential spread down sarcolemma and down t-tubules into muscle fibre to stimulate Ca2+ release

156
Q

functions of blood

A

distribution- o2,nutrients,co2, waste
regulation- temp,pH, fluid vol
protection- against infection, haemorrhage

157
Q

what % of total body mass is blood

A

8% (5l)

158
Q

blood with an anticoagulant - how does it separate

A

plasma= 55%
buffy coat- WBC and platelets
RBC- 45%

159
Q

blood without anticoagulant - components in the blood

A

serum (fibrinogen depleted)
buffy coat/layer
clot (RBC+ fibrin)

160
Q

whats a thrombocyte

A

platelets

161
Q

what is haemopoiesis

A

the production of blood cells

162
Q

eosin stain

A

basic/alkali- red
acidic- blue/purple

163
Q

methylene blue-

A

stains acidic components blue

164
Q

wrights stain

A

eosin + methylene blue

165
Q

basophil stained characteristics

A

bilobed nucleus- kinda like headphones
blue granules- histamine

166
Q

eosinophils stain characteristics

A

bilobed nucleus- headphone looking
red granules- basic protein

167
Q

neutrophil stain characteristics

A

multi-lobed nucleus
few granules

168
Q

monocytes stain characteristics

A

horse-shoe shaped nucleus
large cells

169
Q

platelets stain characteristics

A

not cells no nucleus small

170
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of RBCs in the red bone marrow

171
Q

erythropoietin

A

stimulates erythrocyte formation production in kidney

172
Q

how many RBCs made per second

A

2 million/sec

173
Q

how long do RBCs last

A

120 days

174
Q

2 types leukocytes

A

granulocytes
afranulocytes

175
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils- phagocytes
eosinophils- allergic response and parasitic invasion
basophils- allergic, inflam response and parasitic invasion

176
Q

agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes
t and b
monocytes- differentiate into macrophages

177
Q

megakaryocyte

A

cytoplasm is pinched of to produce platelets

178
Q

haemostasis

A

response to stop bleeding:
- vascular spasm
- platlet plug
- blood clot form- fibrinogen converts o fibrin

179
Q

forces involved in tissue fluid formation

A

hydrostatic pressure (pushing)
osmotic pressure (pullung)

180
Q

filtration pressure (FP) equation

A

net FP= hydrostatic pressure - net osmoic pressure

181
Q

at arterial end of tissue blood formation

A

filtration pressure is +
fluid passes from the blood to the tissue fluid

182
Q

at the venous end- tissue fluid formation

A

filtration pressure is negative
fluid passes from the tissue fluid to the blood

183
Q

how many litres of flud does lymph account for fluid

A

3litres

184
Q

where does lymphatic vessels transport lymph

A

from tissue space to veins and drains into circulatory system in veins near heart

185
Q

how much does liver weigh

A

1.4kg

186
Q

whats the functional units of the liver

A

a liver lobule

187
Q

portal triad of liver lobule

A

hepatic portal vein
branch of hepatic artery
bile duct

188
Q

kupffer cells

A

within sinsusoids
fixed phagocytic cells
bacteria and old blood cells

189
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

190
Q

bile pH

A

7.6-8.6

191
Q

how much bile per day

A

800-1l p/day

192
Q

what does bile contain

A

water
bile salts
cholesterol
phospholipids
bile pigments
ions

193
Q

what do bile salts do

A

emulsify fats
allow pancreatic lipase to beak down fats more easily
aid absorption of lipids

194
Q

what is biles salts structure based on

A

cholesterol

195
Q

bile pigments

A

bilirubin breakdown product of haem
and metabolised by bacteria to give stercobilin (brown) faeces

196
Q

functions of liver

A

phagocytosis
synthesis of bile salts
excretion of haem
process drugs + hormones
activate vit D
storage
metabolism- carb, lipid, protein

197
Q

glycogenesis

A

food= increase plasma glucose = insulin = glucose –> glycogen

198
Q

glycogenolysis

A

no food= decrease plasma glucoe= glucagon and adrenaline = glycogen –> glucose

199
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline

200
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

prolonged post-absorptive state- use dup glycogen stores
making new glucose
lactic acid used

201
Q

lipogenesis

A

making triglycerides
glucose+AA –> glycerol + fatty acids

202
Q

lipolysis

A

triglycerides broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
post aborptive state
trigs–> fatty acids + glycerol
glycerol–> pyruvate–> acetyl CoA

203
Q

lipid metabolism in hepatocytes

A

lipogenesis
lipolysis
make cholesterol (a lipid) + bile salts

204
Q

catabolism

A

for energy production
deamination of AA
organic acid+ NH4–> urea–> urine
amino

205
Q

anabolism

A

hepatocytes make plasma proteins e.g. albumin and fibrinogen

206
Q

absorptive state

A

glycogenesis
lipogenesis

207
Q

post-absorptive state

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
lipolysis

208
Q

ligament composition

A

collagen 1

209
Q

tendon compositon

A

collagen 1

210
Q

cartilage composition

A

collagen 11
proteoglycan
water

211
Q

fibrocartilage composition

A

collagen 1 and 11
proteoglycan and water

212
Q

bone composition

A

collagen 1
mineral (hyroxyapatite)

213
Q

synovium composition

A

mainly cellular

214
Q

ligament main function

A

resist tension

215
Q

tendon main function

A

resistant tension

216
Q

cartilage main function

A

resisit compression (resist tension)

217
Q

fibrocartilage main function

A

resist compression
resist tension

218
Q

bone main function

A

resist compression
resist tensionsy

219
Q

synovium main function

A

lubrication

220
Q

where are epiphyseal growth plates found

A

on the ends of the long parts of bone

221
Q

endochondral ossification

A

fetal skeleton=cartilage
blood vessels invade cartilage
cartilage ossifies to become bone
some bones can take 25yr to fully complete the process

222
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchyme –> bone
no cartilage
cells proliferate and condense
flat bones usually form this way

223
Q

diaphysis

A

long bones cylindrical shaft

224
Q

epiphyses

A

the expanded ends of bone

225
Q

mechanical functions of bones

A

support for other organs
protection
a system of levers

226
Q

metabolic function of bones

A

mineral store- ca and metals
haemopoiesis
an endocrine organ ?

227
Q

the 4 main types of bone cell

A

osteoblasts- Ob
osteocytes- Oc
lining cells - Lc
osteoclasts- Ocl

228
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone formation
synthesising bone matrix and priming it for mineralisation
plump cuboidal cells with organelles for synthesis and secretion of protein

form epithelioid layer on bone surface

229
Q

osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that have been entombed in bone matrix
relies on canaliculi to maintain junctions with other osteocytes
might function in regulation of calcium homeostasis
can act as strain gauge to monitor extent of physical loading

230
Q

osteoclasts

A

large multinucleate cell responsible for resorption of bone
distinctive appearance and contains unique organelles- the ruffled border and clear zones

231
Q

lining cells

A

osteoblasts which ahve completed phase of synthetic activity- can be reactivated

important function in bone remodelling and co-operate with osteocytes in Ca regulation exchange from bone

232
Q

osteoblasts removes bone t/f

A

false
it builds bone

233
Q

osteocytes look after bones t/f

A

true

234
Q

osteoclasts guard/maintain bone t/f

A

false - removes bone

235
Q

lining cells remove bone t/f

A

false
guards/maintains bone

236
Q

bone matrix composed of

A

type 1 collagen
bone proteoglycan
non-collagenous proteins- osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin

mineral- hydroxyapatite- a complex calcium phosphate salt

237
Q

demineralised bone

A

remove the mineral component - makes bone bendy

238
Q

anorganic bone

A

remove collagen component
makes bone brittle like a meringue

239
Q

types of bone

A

compact
cancellous , spongy, trabecular

240
Q

compact bone

A

high proportion of bone with few spaces

241
Q

cancellous bone

A

a network of rods and plates called trabeculae

242
Q

cancellous spongy or trabecular bone

A

low proportion of bone and a lot of space

243
Q

fracture repair stages

A
  1. haematoma formation
  2. soft callus formation
  3. hard callus formation
  4. bone remodelling
244
Q
A
244
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis- top
dermis
subcutaneous layer- base

245
Q

function of the skin

A

protection
excretion
body temp reg
sensation
synthesis of vit D

246
Q

epidermin layers

A

stratum corneum - top
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

247
Q

what cell types are foun in epidermis

A

keratinocytes (90%)
melanocytes (8%)
Langerhans cells
merkel cells

248
Q

thin skin cover what

A

covers whole body except pals, soles of feet

249
Q

what does thin skin lack

A

stratum lucidum

250
Q

stratum spinosum and corneum are relatively thick in thin skin t/f

A

false they are thin

251
Q

thin skin has fewer sensory receptors t/f

A

true

252
Q

what does thick skin cover

A

plasm, soles of feet

253
Q

does thick skin have hair follicles

A

no

254
Q

thick skin have arrector pili muscles t/f

A

false

255
Q

thick skin have oil glandst/f

A

false they lack them

256
Q

where are epidermis cells produced

A

stratum basale

257
Q

what die epidermis cells look like

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

258
Q

keratin in epidermis

A

its synthesised and accumulated

259
Q

where do cells migrate in epidermis

A

upwards

260
Q

what are uppermost layers of epidermis

A

dead dry scale like. lipid rich secretion between cells making it waterproof

261
Q

what is dermis mainly made up of

A

collagen and elastic fibres

262
Q

what does dermis do to epidermis

A

anchors it in place

263
Q

papillary and reticular regions are regions of the epidermis t/f

A

false they are regions of dermis

264
Q

what are the accessory skin structures

A

hair
sebaceous (oil) glands
sudoriferous (sweat glands)
nails

265
Q

where are sebaceous glands found

A

large on face breast chest and neck
smaller on trunk and limbs

266
Q

what causes acne

A

inflammation of sebaceous glands colonised by bacteria

267
Q

what do sebaceous glands do

A

secrete oily sebum
lubricates skin and coats hairs
some antibacterial action

268
Q

2 types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine
apocrine

269
Q

eccrine sudoriferous glands

A

sweat contains water, na and cl, urea, uric acid, ammonia,AAs, glucose, lactic acid

270
Q

how much eccrine sweat is secreted per day

A

600ml

271
Q

apocrine sweat

A

secrete a thick sweat into hair follicle ducts

272
Q

nails function

A

protect ends fingers and toes

273
Q

what are nails made out of

A

tightly packed keratinised cells

274
Q

vestibular canal

A

scala vestibuli

275
Q

cochlear duct

A

scala media

276
Q

tympanic canal

A

scala tympani

277
Q

perilymph

A

fluid in vestibular and tympanic canals

278
Q

endolymph

A

fluid in cochlear duct (more K+than perilymph

279
Q

where does organ of corti rest

A

on the basilar membrane

280
Q

where is the basilar membrane

A

near oval window= high frequency (stiff fibres)
near the apex (point)= low frequency (floppy fibres)

281
Q

how many rows of outer hair cells are in organ of corti

A

3

282
Q

how many rows of inner hair cells are in organ of corti

A

1

283
Q

how many stereo cilia on apical surface of each hair cell in organ of corti

A

40-80
which project into tectorial membrane

284
Q

how does organ of corti get message to brain

A

fluid movement in cochlear duct causes part of basilar membrane to vibrate stimulating depolarisation hair cells releasing neurotransmitter which activate sensory neurons to send message to brain via cochlear branch

285
Q

physiology of balance

A

an equilibrium
vestibular apparatus= semicircular ductss

286
Q

semicircular canals

A

bony on outside
endolymph filled membrane inside

287
Q

how many macula in ear

A

1 on each utricle and saccule

288
Q

otoliths

A

calcium carbonate

289
Q

wha info does macula have

A

infro on head position, acceleration and deceleration

290
Q

detection of head position accel and deceleration

A

stereocilia movement due to gravity
transduction channel: if open= depolarisation
closed= repolarisation
sent via vestibular branch of vestibulocochlear nerve

291
Q

what detect rotational acceleration or decerlation

A

the semicircular ducts (canals)
capula senses movement and direction of flow of endolymph
nerve impulses sent to motor areas to ensure you keep your balance

292
Q

cornea

A

transparent
helps focus light
needs o2 from atmosphere

293
Q

sclera

A

collagen fibres+ fibroblasts
rigid
protection

294
Q

fibrous tunic

A

cornea
sclera

295
Q

vascular tunic

A

choroid
ciliary body
iris

296
Q

chorid is highly vascualr t/f

A

true
meaning nutrient and o2

297
Q

ciliary body doesn’t make aqueous humor t/f

A

false
it does

298
Q

iris regulates light entry t/f

A

true

299
Q

is pupil constricting due to parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

parasympathetic

300
Q

how does pupil contract

A

circular muscles of iris contract

301
Q

why does pupil contract

A

in bright light

302
Q

does pupil dilate due to parasympathetic or sympathetic

A

sympathetic

303
Q

how does pupil dilate

A

radial muscles of iris contract

304
Q

why does pupil dilate

A

in dim light

305
Q

anterior cavity

A

anterior and posterior chamber in front of lens

306
Q

aqueous humor

A

made in ciliary processes
nourishment for cornea and lens
pressurised
replaced every 90 days

307
Q

vitreous chamber

A

between lens and retina

308
Q

vitreous body/humor

A

jelly-like
clear fills vitreous chamber

309
Q

how are cells arranged in the lens

A

like an onion

310
Q

is teh lens transparent

A

yes

311
Q

does the lens have blood vessels

A

yes

312
Q

what protein does the lens contain

A

crystallins

313
Q

how does lens shape alter

A

via suspensory ligaments (zonular fibres), attached to ciliary process. Round for focusing on close objects and becomes flatter for focusing on distant objects

314
Q

image is inverted on fovea t/f

A

true

315
Q

veiwing things far away

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes, suspensory ligaments taut, pulls lens flatter

316
Q

viewing things close

A

Ciliary muscle contracts, suspensory ligaments’ tension released, lens more curved because it is ELASTIC, greater convergence of light.

317
Q

what do ganglion cells do in the retina

A

transmit signals from bipolar cells to the brain

318
Q

what do horizontal and amacrine cells do in the retina

A

help integrate visual info before its sent to the brain

319
Q

how many rods to a single bipolar cell

A

6-600:1
convergence

320
Q

are there rods in teh fovea

A

no

321
Q

do rods see black and white or colour

A

black and white

322
Q

rod length

A

525nm

323
Q

where are there more rods

A

in the periphery of retina not fovea

324
Q

is cones black and white or colour vision

A

colour

325
Q

the 3 types of cones and their length

A

blue- 455nm
green- 530nm
red- 625nm

326
Q

rhodopsin

A

opsin
retinal

327
Q

what does enzyme retinal isomerase do

A

converts trans to cis-retinal in the dark
regeneration

328
Q

light converts cis-retinal to trans-retinal t/f

A

true

329
Q

what causes bleaching of the photopigment rhodopsin

A

when cis retinal is turned to trans the retinal cant bind to opsin so it detaches causing bleaching

330
Q

rod hyperpolarisation

A

Trans-retinal activates rhodopsin, which activates transducin, which
activates phosphodiesterase which hydrolyses cGMP to GMP. This
causes the Na channels to close and leads to rod hyperpolarisation.

331
Q
A

yr 1 uni work (13 decks)

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