12.0 Electrons and Atoms

Question 1

In what state is Ionization energy measured?

Answer 1

Gaseous

Question 2

What do Energy levels do at higher levels?

Answer 2

Converge

Question 3

What is the convergence limit?

Answer 3

The point at which the energy levels converge into a continuum and beyond which point electrons are officially ionized.

Question 4

E=hv, what are the variables?

Answer 4

E= energy (j or kj)
h= planck’s constant (6.63 x 10^-34 J s)
v= Frequency (Hz or /s)

Question 5

What happens to ionization energy across a period and why?

Answer 5

Ionization becomes more difficult across a period because the electrostatic force on the valence electrons increases due to increasing nuclear charge

Question 6

What happens to ionization energy down a group and why?

Answer 6

Ionization becomes easier down a group, since new energy levels further from the nucleus is occupied. Therefore requires less energy to remove.

Question 7

Why is more energy required to remove electrons from lower energy levels?

Answer 7

The electrons are closer to the nucleus, which exerts a greater hold on them.

Question 8

Why is more energy required to for successive ionization?

Answer 8

Removing electrons results in the more positive charge (nucleus) than negative (elections). The nucleus exerts a stronger hold.

Question 9

What shows evidence for electron configuration?

Answer 9

-Patterns of successive ionization energies.
-Discontinuities in the same period hinting at energy sub levels.