Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > 1.2 (Topic 1) > Flashcards

1.2 (Topic 1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Outline the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic Cells

  • Smaller (about 0.2 - 2 um)
  • DNA in nucleoid region (no nuclear membrane)
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Cell wall of peptidoglycan
  • Smaller ribosomes (70s) in cytoplasm
  • DNA is circular and without histone proteins
  • Has plasmid DNA
  • Asexual cell division

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Bigger (10-100 um)
  • DNA in a true nucleus
  • Membrane bound organelles present
  • Cell wall of cellulose (plants) or chitin (fungus)
  • Larger ribosomes (80s) in cytoplasm and on ER (also has 70s ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts)
  • DNA is linear with histone proteins
  • Do not have plasmid DNA
  • Asexual or sexual cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the structures of a prokaryotic cell

A 
Cell membrane 
Nucleoid 
Plasmid 
Cytoplasm 
Ribosome 
Cell wall 
Pilli 
Capsule 
Flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the function of the cell membrane of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • forms the boundary of the cell

- acts as a selective barrier, allowing certain materials to pass into and out of the cell, but not others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the function of the nucleoid of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • location of the genetic material for inheritance and protein coding
  • circular DNA
  • not associated with histone proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the function of the plasmid of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • smaller, circular DNA not associated with DNA in the nucleoid
  • often contains genes for antibiotic resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the function of the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • primarily water and dissolved molecules

the location of many metabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List the function of the ribosome of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • responsible for catalyzing the formation of polypeptides during protein synthesis
  • size is 70s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the function of the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • found in most prokaryotic cells
  • provides shape and protection to the cell
  • composed of peptidoglycan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List the function of the pilli of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • found in some (not all) prokaryotic cells
  • provides shape and protection to the cell
  • help the cell attach to surfaces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the function of the capsule of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • found in some (not all) prokaryotic cells
  • helps the cel maintain moisture and adhere to surfaces
  • protects the cells from other organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the function of the flagella of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • found in some (not all) prokaryotic cells

- long extension used for cell locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contrast the size of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes.

A

Prokaryotes have a smaller, 70s ribosome.
Eukaryotes have a larger, 80s ribosome.
The mitochondria and chloroplasts within eukaryotic cells have 70s ribosomes.
(The “s” stands for Svedberg unit, a measure of particle sedimentation rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State the meaning and advantages of eukaryotic cells being “compartmentalized.”

A

Compartmentalization is the presence of membrane bound partitions (organelles) within the eukaryotic cell. The compartments allow for:
Specialization of regions within the cell for specific functions.
Molecules needed for a specific function to be concentrated in a region within the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

State structural differences between plant and animal cells.

A 
Animal Cells
- No cell wall
- No chloroplasts
- No large vacuole
= Not a fixed shape
- Stores carbohydrates as glycogen
Plant Cells
- Cell wall
- Chloroplasts
 Large vacuole
- Fixed shape
- Stores carbohydrates as starch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define asexual reproduction.

A
  • Asexual reproduction creates offspring from a single parent organism. - - The offspring are genetic clones of that parent.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Outline the four steps of binary fission.​

A
  1. The nucleoid DNA replicates to create an exact duplicate copy.
  2. The nucleoid DNAs attach to the cell membrane.
  3. The cell membrane (and wall, if present) grow, causing the cell to elongate and the DNA molecules to move apart from each other.
  4. The cell membrane pinches inward, creating two genetically identical cells.
17
Q

​Define resolution.

A

The smallest interval distinguishable by the microscope, which then corresponds to the degree of detail visible in an image created by the instrument.

18
Q

Compare the functionality of light and electron microscopes.

A
  • LIGHT MICROSCOPES*
  • Use lenses to bend light and magnify images.
  • Used to study dead or living cells in color.
  • Cell movement can be studied.
  • Larger field of view.
  • Objects can be magnified up to 2000X.
  • Can resolve objects 200 nm apart.
  • ELECTRON MICROSCOPES*
  • Uses electron beams focused by electromagnets to magnify and resolve.
  • Requires cells to be killed and chemically treated before viewing.
  • No movement can be seen.
  • Without stain or dye, no color can be seen.
  • Smaller field of view.
  • Can magnify objects up to 250,000 times.
  • Can resolve objects that are 0.2 nm apart.
19
Q

State the function of an exocrine gland cell.

A
  • Exocrine gland cells synthesize molecules (often proteins) for secretion from the cell into an external space.
  • Exocrine gland cells of the pancreas secrete enzymes that function in digestion in the small intestine.
20
Q

List the structures in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A 
plasma membrane 
nucleus 
mitochondria 
golgi apparatus 
lysosome 
endoplasmic reticulum
21
Q

List the function of the plasma membrane in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A

from the boundary of the cell, acts as a selective barrier allowing certain materials to pass into and out of the cell

22
Q

List the function of the nucleus in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A

contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cells, contains the nucleolus and chromatin

23
Q

List the function of the mitochondria in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A

the location of aerobic cellular respiration used to make ATP

24
Q

List the function of the golgi apparatus in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A

consists of flattened membranous sacs; receives transport vesicles from the ER, modifies proteins produced in the ER, produces secretory vesicles

25
Q

List the function of the lysosome in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A

contains digestive enzymes that are used to break apart cellular debris and waste

26
Q

List the function of the vesicles in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A

transport materials within the cells and out of the cell via exocytosis

27
Q

List the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in an exocrine gland cell (eukaryotic cell)

A

ribosomes on the ER synthesize proteins which are then moved through the ER packaged into vesicles for transport

28
Q

State the function of a palisade mesophyll cell.

A

Palisade mesophyll cells are found on the upper surface of a leaf and have the primary job of performing photosynthesis.

29
Q

Draw a labeled diagram of a palisade cell from the leaf mesophyll.

A

Cell wall shown with two continuous lines to indicate the thickness.
Plasma membrane/cell membrane shown as a single continuous line (can be shown as the inner line of the cell wall if clearly labelled).
Nucleus shown with double membrane and nuclear pores.
Vacuole(s) drawn with a single continuous line.
Chloroplast shown with a double line to indicate the envelope and thylakoids.
Mitochondrion shown with double membrane and cristae.

30
Q

Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: cell wall

A

Provides structural rigidity and support.

31
Q

Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: plasma membrane,

A

Forms the boundary of the cell, acts as a selective barrier allowing certain materials to pass into and out of the cell.

32
Q

Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: chloroplasts,

A

Location of photosynthesis reactions. Produce carbohydrates using light energy, CO2 and H2O

33
Q

Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: vacuole

A

Membrane bound sacs, larger than vesicles, stores water and dissolved nutrients and helps maintain cell turgidity.

34
Q

Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: nucleus

A

Contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell, contains the nucleolus and chromatin.

35
Q

Describe the function of the following structures in a palisade mesophyll cell: mitochondria

A

The location of aerobic cellular respiration used to make ATP.

36
Q

Explain why the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells must be based on electron micrographs.

A

“Ultrastructures” are small structures of/in a biological specimen that are too little to see with a light microscope.

37
Q

Draw the ultrastructure of E.coli as seen in an electron micrograph.

A

Cell wall drawn uniformly thick and outside the cell membrane
Capsule drawn outside the cell wall
Pili drawn as hair-like structures connected to cell wall
Flagellum drawn at one end only and longer than pili
Cell membrane represented by a continuous single line
70S ribosomes drawn as small discrete dots (not circles)
Nucleoid DNA shown as a tangled line not enclosed in membrane
Plasmid drawn as a small circular ring of DNA
Cytoplasm labeled within the cell

38
Q

Explain why cells with different functions will have different structures.

A

Cells will have different types and/or quantities of organelles depending on the primary function of the cell type.
This allows for cells to specialize for a specific task.

39
Q

With reference to a specific example, explain how an improvement in apparatus allowed for greater understanding of cell structure.

A

Technology = machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge.
Begets = gives rise to; brings about.
Discovery = the act of finding or learning something for the first time.
The invention of the microscope (ca.1600) and its improvements over a period of 400+ years has resulted in great advances in our understanding of the microscopic world as well as extremely important advances in biology. The microscope is a key instrument in basic science: it gives the observer a view of the world that cannot be observed with the naked eye because of insufficient resolution, such as atoms, molecules, viruses, cells, tissues, and microorganisms.

bio (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions