1.2 The Resiratory System

Question 1

What is the order of correct passage of air ?

Answer 1

Nose,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,alveoli

Question 2

What are responsible for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood ?

Answer 2

The alveoli

Question 3

Diffusion

Answer 3

The movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration or partial pressure to an area of low concentration or partial pressure

Question 4

How is the structure of Alveoli designed to help gaseous exchange ?

Answer 4

• Walls are only one cell thick - short diffusion pathway
• extensive capillary network surrounds the alveoli - so they have an excellent blood supply
• huge surface area because there are millions of alveoli in each lung - which allows for a greater uptake of oxygen

Question 5

Gaseous exchange

Answer 5

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood , and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 6

Muscles used during inspiration at rest

Answer 6

Diaphragm
External intercostals

Question 7

Muscles used during Expiration at rest

Answer 7

Passive: diaphragm and external intercostals just relax

Question 8

Muscles used during inspiration during exercise

Answer 8

Diaphragm
External intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor

Question 9

Muscles used during Expiration during exercise

Answer 9

Internal intercostals
Abdominals

Question 10

What happens during inhalation (breathing in) ?

Answer 10

• rib cage moves upwards and outwards
• diaphragm contracts and is pulled flat

Question 11

What happens during Exhalation (breathing out) ?

Answer 11

• Ribcage falls
• Diaphragm relaxes and rises to dome-shaped position

Question 12

Inspiration

Answer 12

Taking air into the lungs

Question 13

Expiration

Answer 13

Moving air out of the lungs

Question 14

Tidal volume

Answer 14

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 15

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 15

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

Question 16

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 16

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 17

Minute ventilation

Answer 17

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 18

How to calculate minute ventilation

Answer 18

Number of breaths (per min) x tidal volume

e.g. 12 x 0.5 =6 litres/min

Question 19

Respiration

Answer 19

The taking in of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide

Question 20

ventilation

Answer 20

Getting air into and out of the lungs

Question 21

What effect does exercise have on these lung volumes ?

Answer 21

More oxygen is required so our depth of breathing increases. This means tidal volume increases because we are using more of our inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume.

Question 22

Residual volume

Answer 22

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

Question 23

Spirometer

Answer 23

A device that is used to measure the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs.

Question 24

Go over graphical representation of tidal volume

Question 25

Partial pressure

Answer 25

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases.

Question 26

Concentration/diffusion gradient

Answer 26

Often referred to as the concentration gradient. It explains how gases flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The steeper this gradient (difference between concentration levels at high and low areas, the faster diffusion occurs.

Question 27

Diffusion pathway of oxygen

Answer 27

Alveoli —> blood —> muscles

Question 28

Diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide

Answer 28

Muscles —> Blood —> alveoli

Question 29

What three factors are involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) during exercise ?

Answer 29

Neural control
Chemical control
Hormonal control

Question 30

What does neural control involve ?

Answer 30

The brain and the nervous system

Question 31

What does chemical control do ?

Answer 31

It’s concerned with blood acidity. When blood acidity is high, the brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increase breathing

Question 32

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 32

Breathing. the nervous system controls this automatically through two systems: the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 33

During exercise why does blood acidity increase?

Answer 33

as a result of an increase in the plasma concentration of carbon dioxide and an increase in lactic acid production. These changes are detected by chemoreceptors

Question 34

Proprioceptors

Answer 34

Sensory receptors found in muscles and joints that provide information to the central nervous system about position and movement.

Question 35

Baroreceptors

Answer 35

Baroreceptors detect a decrease in blood pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries which results in an increase in breathing rate.

Question 36

Stretch-receptors

Answer 36

prevent over-inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre

Question 37

Where is the respiratory centre found ?

Answer 37

Medulla oblongata

Question 38

Adrenaline

Answer 38

The hormone that increases breathing rate

Question 39

How is anticipatory rise achieved?

Answer 39

The brain sends impulses to the adrenal glands which respond and pump adrenaline into the blood

Question 40

What affect does smoking have on the respiratory system ?

Answer 40

-It can cause irritation of the trachea and bronchi. It reduces lung function and increases breathlessness.
-Smoking can damage the alveoli - which increases the risk of COPD
-carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines with haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily than oxygen. This reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which increases breathlessness during exercise.

Question 41

Cilia

Answer 41

microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles.

Question 42

COPD

Answer 42

is a chronic and debilitating disease and is the name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema. The main cause of emphysema is smoking. It is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that causes
shortness of breath.