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BIOL 1593 FINAL > 12 Somatic And Special Senses > Flashcards

12 Somatic And Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

The somatic sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, warmth, cold, and pain arise from sensory receptors in the __, subcutaneous layer, and the __ __.

A

Skin; mucous membranes

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2
Q

__ are present in almost every tissue of the body.

A

Nociceptors

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3
Q

The __ epithelium consists of olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells.

A

Olfactory

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4
Q

__ receptor cells are located in taste buds.

A

Gustatory

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5
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A 
Eyebrows
Eyelashes
Eyelids
Extrinsic eye muscles
Lacrimal apparatus (tears)
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6
Q

The wall of the eyeball consists of 3 layers:

A

The fibrous tunic
The vascular tunic
Retina (nervous tunic)

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7
Q

Contraction of the __ muscles causes constriction of the pupil; contraction of the __ muscles causes dilation. Of the pupil.

A

Circular; radial

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8
Q

In the __, visual signals pass from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells.

A

Retina

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9
Q

__ is the bending of light rays.

A

Refraction

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10
Q

In uncorrected __ distant objects can’t be seen clearly.

A

Myopia

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11
Q

In uncorrected __ nearby objects can’t be seen clearly.

A

Hyperopia

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12
Q

At the __ chiasm, half of the retinal ganglion cells axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain.

A

Optic

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13
Q

The ear has 3 principal regions:

A

The external ear
The middle ear
The internal ear

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14
Q

The 3 channels in the cochlea are:

A

The scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Cochlear duct

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15
Q

Sound waves originate from __ objects.

A

Vibrating

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16
Q

Movements of the __ membrane stimulate the hair cells.

A

Otolithic

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17
Q

The positions of the membranous semicircular ducts permit detection of __ movements.

A

Rotational

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18
Q

Which cells in the taste buds provide the sense of taste?

A

Gustatory receptor cells

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19
Q

What are corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscles), and where are they located?

A

They are discriminate touch receptors located in the dermal papillae of the skin.

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20
Q

Define photopigment.

A

A substance that absorbs light and undergoes structural changes that lead to the development of a generator potential.

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21
Q

How are cutaneous sensations generated?

A

Cutaneous sensations result when the surface of the skin is stimulated.

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22
Q

Name and describe the pain receptors.

A

Nociceptors are the branching ends of the dendrites of some neurons. They are free nerve endings.

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23
Q

Describe the olfactory tracts.

A

Are axons of olfactory neurons that lead from the olfactory bulbs to the cerebrum. A second pathway extends to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex.

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24
Q

Identify the location of the tastebuds.

A

Located on the tongue, soft palate, and walls of the pharynx.

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25
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Are receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about position and movement.

26
Q

Identify the auditory ossicles and describe their function.

A

Are the 3 bones if the middle ear - the malleus, incus, and stapes - which conduct vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window.

27
Q

Name the 3 areas of the bony labyrinth.

A

Vestibule
Cochlea
Semicircular canals

28
Q

Contrast sensation and perception.

A

Sensation is the conscious or unconscious awareness of stimuli.
Perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations.

29
Q

What is the function of the cones?

A

To enable vision in bright light and the perception of colour.

30
Q

List the 4 tactile sensations:

A

Touch
Pressure
Vibration
Itch and tickle

31
Q

Name the 2 parts of the ciliary body and describe the function of each:

A

Ciliary processes - secrete aqueous humor

Ciliary muscle - changes the shape of the lens

32
Q

List the 4 conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur:

A

Stimulation of a sensory receptor
Conversion of the stimulus into graded potential
Conduction of the impulse
Translation of the impulse by a region of the brain

33
Q

Name, from the inside to the outside, the 3 layers of neurons found in the retina:

A

Ganglion layer
Bipolar layer
Photoreceptor layer

34
Q

Identify the specific locations where the receptors of the olfactory sense are found.

A

In the nasal epithelium in the superior region of the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum.

35
Q

What is the optic tract?

A

A collection of axons of ganglion cells from the retina after they pass through the optic chiasm.

36
Q

What are the 5 primary taste sensations?

A 
Sour
Salt
Bitter
Sweet
Umami
37
Q

What are the functions of the eyelids?

A

To shade and protect the eyes, and to spread lubricating secretions over the surface of the eye.

38
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

Is a photopigment found in rod cells; it consists of opsin (a protein) and retinal.

39
Q

Describe the meaning of accommodation of the lens.

A

Refers to changes in the curvature of the lens of the eye, which changes focus from near to distant objects and vice versa.

40
Q

Define mechanoreceptors, and give 3 examples of the stimuli they detect.

A

Detect deformation in response to stimuli such as touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hear, and blood pressure.

41
Q

Identify the location of the receptors that function in the maintenance of static equilibrium.

A

They are located in the walls of the utricle and saccule, the 2 sacs of the vestibule.

42
Q

Describe the role of the organ of Corti in hearing.

A

The hair cells on the basilar membrane move against the overlying tectorial membrane and initiate a signal that causes nerve impulses, which are interpreted as sounds by the auditory area of the cerebrum.

43
Q

List in order, from outside to the inside, the 3 layers of the eyeball.

A 
Fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea)
Vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, iris)
Nervous tunic (retina)
44
Q

What is meant by the term adaptation to sensations?

A

Adaptation to sensations is a decreased sensitivity to the same stimulus.

45
Q

What is referred pain?

A

A pain sensation that the brain projects back to some location other than that from which the pain originates.

46
Q

Describe the cells that act as the olfactory sensors.

A

The olfactory cells are first order neurons. The olfactory hairs are cilia projecting from the end of the neuron. These hairs detect inhaled compounds.

47
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal glands?

A

To produce tears - a watering solution containing salts, mucus, and lysozyme.

48
Q

Name cutaneous sensations.

A 
Cold
Pain
Hot
Touch
Vibration
49
Q

What structure directly alters the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

A

Ciliary muscle

50
Q

The external (outer) ear:

A

Has hair cells in its auditory canal a d specialized glands called ceruminous glands.

51
Q

Name the accessory structures of the eye:

A

Eyebrows
Eyelashes
Eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus

52
Q

Which of the following is a tactile sensation?

Cold, heat, pain, vibration

A

Vibration

53
Q

The spiral organ of Corti is:

A

A coiled sheet of supporting cells and hair cells.

54
Q

Chemoreceptors detect what?

A

Smell and taste

55
Q

In humans, both eyes focus on only one set of objects; this characteristic is known as:

A

Binocular vision

56
Q

The vestibular membrane separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli.

This is a statement that is true of what?

A

The membranous labyrinth

57
Q

It is separated from the internal ear by a bony partition containing the oval and round windows.

Is a statement of what area of the ear?

A

The middle ear

58
Q

Cristae in semicircular ducts is the sense organ for __ equilibrium only.

A

Dynamic

59
Q

What are otoliths, and what role do they play in the maintenance of equilibrium?

A

Otoliths are crystals of calcium carbonate that lie on a gelatinous layer of the macula and move in response to changes in the position of the head.

60
Q

Since the nervous system does not replace neurons, all olfactory epithelial cells gradually decrease in number as we get older.

A

Olfactory epithelium

61
Q

For vision to occur what is the correct sequence?

A

Photoreceptors > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerve > thalamus

BIOL 1593 FINAL (6 decks)

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