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A level PE - Cardiovascular > 1.2 Respiratory system > Flashcards

1.2 Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

describe the pathway of air

A
  1. mouth & nose
  2. pharynx
  3. Larynx (voice box)
  4. trachea
  5. bronchus
  6. bronchi
  7. smaller branches bronchioles
  8. alveoli
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2
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A
  • thin walls = short diffusion distance
  • extensive capillary network around it = good blood supply
  • millions of alveoli = large SA
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3
Q

what needs to happen to pressure in the lungs for air to be inhaled & exhaled

A

AIR IN - pressure needs to be lower in the lungs than in the atmosphere

AIR OUT - pressure needs to be higher in the lungs than in the atmosphere

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4
Q

what muscles are used in inspiration at rest

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostal muscles
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5
Q

what muscles are used in inspiration when exercising

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
  • pectorals minor
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6
Q

what muscles are used in expiration at rest & exercise

A

REST:
- diaphragm & external intercostals relax

EXERCISE:
- internal intercostals & abdominals

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7
Q

what happens to the rib cage & lungs when air is brought in & out

A

AIR IN
- Ribcage moves up and out
- diaphragm contracts and pulled flat

AIR OUT
- ribcage falls
- diaphragm relaxes and rises back to dome shaped position

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8
Q

define: tidal volume, residual volume and minute ventilation

A

tidal vol - volume of air breathed in or out per breath

residual vol - volume of air left in the lungs after maximum expiration

minute ventilation - volume of air breathed in or out per minute

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9
Q

define: inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume

A

IRV - vol of air that can be forcibly inspired following a normal breath

ERV - vol of air that can be forcibly expired following a normal breath

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10
Q

what happens to the lung volume during exercise

A

Tidal vol - increases
IRV - decreases
ERV - slight decrease
Residual vol - remains the same
Minute ventilation - big increase

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11
Q

how is a spirometer trace created

A
  • breath in and out of a sealed chamber through a mouthpiece
  • chamber inflates and deflates
  • pen recorder traces the beginning movements onto a chart
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12
Q

Gase Exchange:
describe the process of gas exchange in the alveoli

A
  • partial pressure of o2 in the alveoli is higher than in the capillary blood vessels
  • cas o2 removed by the working muscles so the conc in the blood is lower
  • the difference in p.p = concentration gradient - larger the gradient the faster diffusion
  • o2 diffuses until the pressure is equal in both
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13
Q

describe how oxygen exchange occurs at the muscles

A
  • in the capillary membranes surrounding the muscle, the p.p of o2 is 40mmHg, in the blood 100mmHg
  • this lower p.p allows o2 to diffuse from the blood to the muscles
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14
Q

describe how Co2 exchange occurs at the muscles

A
  • p.p of Co2 in the blood is lower than at the tissues
  • so diffusion occurs and Co2 moves into the blood
  • to be transported to the lungs
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15
Q

what is the role of the receptors during exercise

A

. receptor systems send impulses to the medulla oblongata in the brain
. stimulates sympathetic nervous system & the breathing rate is increased

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16
Q

receptors role following exercise

A

. receptors send impulses to the medulla oblongata
. stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system & breathing rate is decreased

17
Q

what are the 2 main areas of the Respiratory centre

A

. inspiratory centre = responsible for inspiration & expiration
. expiratory centre = stimulates the expiratory muscles during exercise

18
Q

what does the inspiratory centre do during exercise

A
  • sends nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm & external intercostals) cause them to contract
  • acts for approx. 2 seconds then stops
  • passive expiration occurs due to electric recoil of the lungs
19
Q

what does the expiratory centre do during exercise

A
  • respiratory centre sends impulse down the phrenic nerve
  • to stimulate more inspiratory muscles: sternocleidomastoid, scalenes & pectoralis minor
  • rate & depth of breathing increases
20
Q

what do the chemoreceptors do during exercise to increase HR

A
  • blood acidity increases (cas of increased Co2 & lactic acid)
  • detected by chemoreceptors
  • they send impulse to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until the blood acidity is normal
21
Q

what are the other factors effecting neural control of breathing

A
  1. mechanical factors: proprioceptors
  2. baroreceptors
  3. stretch receptors
22
Q

describe the role of proprioceptors in breathing

A
  • sensory receptors in joints and muscles
  • provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise
23
Q

describe the role of baroreceptors in breathing

A
  • decrease in b.p detected by baroreceptors in the aorta & carotid artery
  • results in increase in breathing rate
24
Q

how does the hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation occur during exercise

A
  • brain sends impulse to renal glands
  • which respond & pump adrenaline in to the blood in anticipation of the increased need for o2 and Co2 exchange
  • so breathing rate increases in preparation for Ex. & the demand to take in more o2 and remove more Co2
25
Q

how does smoking effect the respiratory system (general)

A
  • irritation of the trachea and bronchi
  • reduces lung function and increases breathlessness caused by the swelling and narrowing of the lungs airways
26
Q

how does cigarette smoke effect the respiratory system

A
  • damages the cells lining the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
  • the tiny cells have microscopic hair-like cilia which help push the mucus out the lungs
  • when they are damaged, excess mucus builds up in the lung passages
  • leads to a smokers cough to get rid of mucus
27
Q

how does smoking damage the alveoli

A
  • walls break down & join together forming large air spaces
  • reduces the efficiency of gas exchange, which also increases the risk of COPD
28
Q

how does smoking effect the body during exercise

A
  • affects o2 transport cas the C monoxide combines with Hb in RBC more than o2
  • reduces the o2 carrying capacity of the b. - increases breathlessness during exercise

A level PE - Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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