1.2 Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the correct passage of air
Nose,pharynx,larynx,trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,alveoli
What muscles are used at rest during inspiration
Diaphragm
External intercostals
What muscles are used at rest during expiration
Passive:Diaphragm and intercostals relax
What muscles are used during exercise in inspiration
Diaphragm
External inter coastal
Sterneocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis major
What muscles are used in expiration during exercise
Internal intercostals
How does air move in inspiration at rest
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.Chest cavity/thorax volume increases reducing pressure in the chest.The air moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration by diffusion
How is inspiration achieved during exercise
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract with added help from other muscles.Added contraction increases pressure gradient so more air moves from high concentration to low concentration via diffusion
How is expiration achieved at rest
Intercostal and diaphragm relaxes,air moves out of lungs
How is expiration achieved during exercise
Assisted by internal intercoastal muscles and abdominals contracting,reduces size of chest so more air leaves via diffusion
What is tidal volume and does it increase or decrease during exercise
The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath,increase
What is expiratory reserve volume and does it increase or decrease during exercise
The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath,decrease
What is inspiration reserve volume and does it increase or decrease during exercise
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath,slight decrease
What is residual volume and does it increase or decrease during exercise
Volume of air in lungs after max expiration,stays the same
What is minute ventilation and does it increase or decrease during exercise
Volume of air breathed in or out per minute,Big increase
What are Cilia
Microscopic hair like projections that help to sleepaway fluids and particles
What are Cilia
Microscopic hair like projections that help to sleepaway fluids and particles
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A chronic debilitating disease,The name for a collection of diseases such as emphysema.The main cause of emphysema is smoking.This disease is long term and causes shortness of breath
What is the trachea
A long pipe like structure
What is the trachea
A long pipe like structure
What is the membrane on the surface of the stomach
Visceral Pluera
How do you prevent emphysema
Not smoking
What are the partial pressures in the Alveoli
PO2=104mm Hg
PCO2=40mm Hg
What are the partial pressures in the capillaries
pO2=40mm Hg
PCo2=46mm Hg
What three factors are involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise
Neural control
Chemical control
Hormonal control
What does Neural control involve
The brain and the nervous system
What does Neural control involve
The brain and the nervous system
What does chemical control do
It’s concerned with blood acidity,When blood acidity is high the brain is informed and it sends signals to increase breathing
What is pulmonary ventilation
Breathing
What factors control breathing
Chemoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
How is anticipatory rise achieved
The brain sends impulses to the renal glands which respond and pump adrenaline into the blood
What are the consequences of smoking
Irritation of Trachea and Bronchi
Damage to cell lining
Damage to Alveoli
Increased risk of COPD
Affects oxygen transport
Where is the respiratory centre
The medulla oblongata
Role of respiratory system
Control rate and depth of breathing using neural and chemical control
Role of inspiratory centre
Exhalation and inhalation
Role of expiratory centre
Stimulate expiratory muscles during exercise
Process of respiratory system increasing breathing rate (chemoreceptors)
-Blood acidity will increase due to increase in plasma,CO2 and Lactic acid
-Detected by chemoreceptors
-Send impulses to inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until acidity returned to mormal
How does blood acidity return to normal
Respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve.This stimulates more inspiratory muscles to be used as a result rate,depth and rhythm of breathing increases
How does blood acidity return to normal
Respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve.This stimulates more inspiratory muscles to be used as a result rate,depth and rhythm of breathing increases
What do stretch receptors do
Prevent over inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and then down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles
What do stretch receptors do
Prevent over inflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and then down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles
What are the effects of an increased activity level on the respiratory system
Increased number of capillaries
Increased surface area of alveoli
Increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles
