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Pe A Level > 1.1 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1.1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate due to expectation of exercise

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2
Q

What is the systole phase

A

The contraction part of the cardiac cycle

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3
Q

What is the diastole phase

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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4
Q

What valve leads from the right atrium to the right ventricle

A

The tricuspid valve

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5
Q

What valve leads from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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6
Q

What valve leads from the left atrium into the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

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7
Q

What valve leads from the left ventricle into the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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8
Q

What are the tendons in the heart called

A

Chordae tendinae

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9
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the heart

A

Superior Vena Cava,Right atrium,Tricuspid valve,Right Ventricle,Semilunar valve,Pulmonary artery,lungs,pulmonary vein,left atrium,bicuspid valve,left ventricle,Aortic valve,Aorta,Body

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10
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected with each cardiac cycle

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11
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time (hrXSV)

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12
Q

Where does the sino atrial node sit

A

Above the right atrium

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13
Q

Function of the sino atrial node

A

Myogenic (self regulating) pacemaker and emits a signal out across the atria causing contraction of the atria

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14
Q

Where does the atria ventricular node sit

A

In between the right atrium and ventricles

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15
Q

What is the function of the atria ventricular node

A

Recieves signal from SA node and is going to relay the signal to the bundle of his in the septum

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16
Q

Function of the bundle of his

A

Seperate the signal into left and right branches

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17
Q

What is the signals from the bundle of his sent to

A

The purkinje fibers that spread the signal to the cardiac muscles

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18
Q

What do the cardiac cells then finally do

A

Contract upwards

19
Q

What is the all or none rule

A

The heart either contracts fully or not at all

20
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise

A

Increased HR due to rising adrenaline levels
Increase in stroke volume due to stronger contractions
Increased Cardiac output

21
Q

What are the Long term effects of Exercise

A

Decrease in Resting HR
Increase in Resting SV
Hypertrophy of the heart
Thicker left ventricle wall
Increased number of capillaries
Increase in blood volume
Improvement in Cardiac output during exercise

22
Q

What is a sharp raise in heart rate caused by

A

Mainly anaerobic work caused by propiocepter/sensory stimulation,continued release of hormones and action of muscle pump

23
Q

What is a continued high HR caused by

A

Due to maximal loads continuing to stress anaerobic systems

24
Q

What does a steady high HR cause

A

It causes lactic acid which stimulates chemoreceptors
Intrinsic factors are also stimulated at maximal level

25
Q

Why does rapid recovery take place

A

Due to the ending of proprioceptive stimuli/muscle pump/withdrawl of hormones,fast recovery of PC stores

26
Q

Why does slow recovery happen

A

Clearance of metabolites (lactic acid),heat loss causes muscle cooling,general body systems returning to pre exercise levels

27
Q

What is the difference in cardiac output at rest between a trained person and untrained person

A

The difference is the same

28
Q

What is the difference in cardiac output between a trained person and untrained person during exercise

A

The trained person has a higher cardiac output due to a higher stroke volume

29
Q

What three main mechanisms control the rate at which impulses are fired

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Medulla oblongata

30
Q

What is the sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate

31
Q

What is the parasympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

32
Q

What is the parasympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

33
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

34
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

It determines the rate at which the SA node sends out impulses

35
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system release

A

Acetycholine

36
Q

What is the cardiac control system stimulated by

A

Chemoreceptors,Baroreceptors,Proprioceptors

37
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found

A

Carotid arteries,aortic arch

38
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A

They detect an increase in Carbon Dioxide and sense chemical changes

39
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

They respond to changes in blood pressure due to the stretching of the arterial wall

40
Q

What does an increase in arterial pressure cause

A

An increase in the stretch of the baroreceptor sensors and results in a decrease in HR

41
Q

Where are the proprioceptors located

A

Muscles,tendons and joints

42
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system speed up heart rate

A

Increases HR by releasing adrenaline
Adrenaline increases the strength of ventricular contractions (increases SV)
Noradrenaline aids the spread of electrical impulses through the heart increasing HR
Increased metabolic activity causes an increase in CO2
This increase is detected by chemoreceptors which inform the sympathetic centre to increase HR

43
Q

What do proprioceptors do

A

They provide information about movement and body position and detect an increase in muscle movement.In turn a signal is sent to the medulla which then sends a signal to increase HR

Pe A Level (2 decks)

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