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Pe A Level Mrs Rex > 1.1 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1.1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Anticipatory rise

A

Slight increase in heart rate due to expectation of exercise

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2
Q

What is the systole phase

A

The contraction part of the cardiac cycle

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3
Q

What is the diastole phase

A

Term used to describe the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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4
Q

What valve leads from the right atrium to the right ventricle

A

The tricuspid valve

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5
Q

What valve leads from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

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6
Q

What valve leads from the left atrium into the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

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7
Q

What valve leads from the left ventricle into the aorta

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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8
Q

What are the tendons in the heart called

A

Chordae tendinae

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9
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the heart

A

Superior Vena Cava,Right atrium,Tricuspid valve,Right Ventricle,Semilunar valve,Pulmonary artery,lungs,pulmonary vein,left atrium,bicuspid valve,left ventricle,Aortic valve,Aorta,Body

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10
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood ejected with each cardiac cycle

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11
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time (hrXSV)

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12
Q

Where does the sino atrial node sit

A

Above the right atrium

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13
Q

Function of the sino atrial node

A

Myogenic (self regulating) pacemaker and emits a signal out across the atria causing contraction of the atria

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14
Q

Where does the atria ventricular node sit

A

In between the right atrium and ventricles

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15
Q

What is the function of the atria ventricular node

A

Recieves signal from SA node and is going to relay the signal to the bundle of his in the septum

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16
Q

Function of the bundle of his

A

Seperate the signal into left and right branches

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17
Q

What is the signals from the bundle of his sent to

A

The purkinje fibers that spread the signal to the cardiac muscles

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18
Q

What do the cardiac cells then finally do

A

Contract upwards

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19
Q

What is the all or none rule

A

The heart either contracts fully or not at all

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20
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise

A

Increased HR due to rising adrenaline levels
Increase in stroke volume due to stronger contractions
Increased Cardiac output

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21
Q

What are the Long term effects of Exercise

A

Decrease in Resting HR
Increase in Resting SV
Hypertrophy of the heart
Thicker left ventricle wall
Increased number of capillaries
Increase in blood volume
Improvement in Cardiac output during exercise

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22
Q

What is a sharp raise in heart rate caused by

A

Mainly anaerobic work caused by propiocepter/sensory stimulation,continued release of hormones and action of muscle pump

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23
Q

What is a continued high HR caused by

A

Due to maximal loads continuing to stress anaerobic systems

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24
Q

What does a steady high HR cause

A

It causes lactic acid

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25
Q

Why does rapid recovery take place

A

Due to the ending of proprioceptive stimuli/muscle pump/withdrawl of hormones,fast recovery of PC stores

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26
Q

Why does slow recovery happen

A

Clearance of metabolites (lactic acid),heat loss causes muscle cooling,general body systems returning to pre exercise levels

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27
Q

What is the difference in cardiac output at rest between a trained person and untrained person

A

The difference is the same

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28
Q

What is the difference in cardiac output between a trained person and untrained person during exercise

A

The trained person has a higher cardiac output due to a higher stroke volume

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29
Q

What three main mechanisms control the rate at which impulses are fired

A

Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Medulla oblongata

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30
Q

What is the sympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that speeds up heart rate

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31
Q

What is the parasympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

32
Q

What is the parasympathetic system

A

A part of the autonomic nervous system that decreases heart rate

33
Q

What is the Medulla Oblongata

A

The most important part of the brain as it regulates processes that keep us alive such as breathing and heart rate

34
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

It determines the rate at which the SA node sends out impulses

35
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system release

A

Acetycholine

36
Q

What is the cardiac control system stimulated by

A

Chemoreceptors,Baroreceptors,Proprioceptors

37
Q

Where are chemoreceptors found

A

Carotid arteries,aortic arch

38
Q

What do chemoreceptors do

A

They detect an increase in Carbon Dioxide and sense chemical changes

39
Q

What do baroreceptors do

A

They respond to changes in blood pressure due to the stretching of the arterial wall

40
Q

What does an increase in arterial pressure cause

A

An increase in the stretch of the baroreceptor sensors and results in a decrease in HR

41
Q

Where are the proprioceptors located

A

Muscles,tendons and joints

42
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system speed up heart rate

A

Increases HR by releasing adrenaline
Adrenaline increases the strength of ventricular contractions (increases SV)
Noradrenaline aids the spread of electrical impulses through the heart increasing HR
Increased metabolic activity causes an increase in CO2
This increase is detected by chemoreceptors which inform the sympathetic centre to increase HR

43
Q

What do proprioceptors do

A

They provide information about movement and body position and detect an increase in muscle movement.In turn a signal is sent to the medulla which then sends a signal to increase HR

44
Q

Which chamber in the heart are larger explain why?

A

ventricle, as they pump blood out of the heart to the body

45
Q

Order impulse from SAN travels

A

SAN, Atrial systole, AVN, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibres, ventricular systole

46
Q

The heart muscle is myogenic, what does this mean?

A

Has it’s own electrical impulse, so it will therefore keep on beating even with the absence of the brain

47
Q

avg number of times the heart beats per minute (untrained vs trained) at rest

A

untrained - 72
trained - 60

48
Q

SV of untrained vs trained person during excerices

A

untrained - 120 ml
trained - 170ml

49
Q

Plasma

A

the fluid part of your blood (mainly water) that surround blood cells and transport them

50
Q

haemoglobin

A

an iron containing pigment found in red blood cells, which combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

51
Q

myoglobin

A

Heme protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscles with the main function being the transfer of oxygen from muscle cell membrane to mitochondria

52
Q

What is the Bohr Effect

A

The shift to the right in the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

53
Q

What causes the Bohr Effect

A

Increase in CO2 blood levels
Increase in Body Temperature
Increase in Acidity

54
Q

What is Venous return

A

The returning of deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

55
Q

What mechanisms carry out Venous return

A

The skeletal muscle pump
The respiratory pump
Pocket valves
Gravity
Smooth muscle

56
Q

How does the Bohr Effect help

A

The Bohr effect leads to less O2 saturation of haemoglobin,In turn O2 has less affinity with the Haemoglobin meaning an increase in oxygen release to the working muscles

57
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump work to help venous return

A

When muscles contract and relax as they change shape.This change in shape means muscles press on the nearby veins and cause a pumping effect and squeeze blood towards the heart

58
Q

How does the respiratory pump work to help venous return

A

When muscles contract and relax during breathing in and breathing out,Pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities,The changes in pressure compress veins and assist flow to the heart

59
Q

How do pocket valves help venous return

A

The valves prevent the backflow of blood allowing for quicker venous return

60
Q

How does the layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins help venous return

A

They help squeeze blood back towards the heart

61
Q

How does gravity help venous return

A

Gravity helps the blood return to the heart from the upper hody

62
Q

Why are cool downs important after exercise for venous return

A

Prevents blood pooling by maintaining venous return using the VR mechanisms

63
Q

What is blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall

64
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

65
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

66
Q

What is Venous return

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

67
Q

What is Starlings law

A

If more blood is being pumped back to the heart then it means more blood has to be pumped out

68
Q

What is myoglobin

A

The molecule in your muscles that transports oxygen from the muscle cell membrane to the mitochondria

69
Q

What happens during prolonged steady state exercise after at least 10 minutes in a warm enviorment

A

Stroke volume and arterial pressure progressively decrease
A progressive rise in HR

70
Q

What happens when cardiovascular drift occurs

A

Heart rate increases,Stroke volume decreases,Cardiac output slightly increases

71
Q

How to minimise cardiovascular drift as an athlete

A

Stay hydrated/stay cool in hot conditions
Maintain high fluid consumption before and after exercise

72
Q

What is cardiovascular drift

A

Stroke volume decreasing due to us losing fluid from sweating,this lowers blood plasma,as a result HR increases

73
Q

What is an Arteriole and what is its function

A

A very small blood vessel that branches off from your artery and carries blood away from the heart,They also control blood flow and blood pressure

74
Q

What is A-VO2 difference

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and venous blood leaving the muscles

75
Q

Why is a trained person’s A-VO2 difference higher than an untrained persons

A

A trained footballer can extract more oxygen from the blood due to a greater number of capillaries,myoglobin,haemoglobin and enzymes

Pe A Level Mrs Rex (3 decks)

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