12. Reform

Question 1

Give two aspects of the early Industrial Revolution in Great Britain that brought out the reform movement in design:

Answer 1

a. loss in craft/technique/quality

b. cheap replication of ornament = loss of association with power

Question 2

Who was the first British architect to use the new theory of the zeitgeist in challenging his peers to improve British architecture in 1835?

Answer 2

Owen Jones

Question 3

The German term for the “spirit of times” is:

Answer 3

Zeitgeist

Question 4

Who was the first British architect to call for a new style of architecture appropriate to the 19th century?

Answer 4

Owen Jones

Question 5

Owen Jones’ first book, which documented the Islamic tradition of ornament, was a study of the:

Answer 5

Alhambra in Grenada, Spain

Question 6

____ was the first to propose to Prince Albert the idea for the Crystal Palace.

Answer 6

Cole

Question 7

____ was the designer in control of the color scheme of the Crystal Palace.

Answer 7

Jones

Question 8

How was the glass roof in the Crystal Palace protected from the heat of the sun?

Answer 8

outer canvas covering

Question 9

How was the South Kensington School of Design originally funded?

Answer 9

with profits made from the international exhibition of 1851 in Crystal Palace

Question 10

The Grammar of Ornament was authored by:

Answer 10

Jones

Question 11

Define what Owen Jones meant by “repose”:

Answer 11

want of nothing; design is complete

Question 12

Owen Jones had an important influence in the architecture of the late nineteenth century by promoting what two sources for the development of new ornamental systems?

Answer 12

a. Zeitgeist

b. regonalism

Question 13

The author of Contrasts was ______.

Answer 13

Pugin

Question 14

What was the one major difference between the ideas of Jones and those of Pugin?

Answer 14

Pugin - material, structural honesty, Gothic revival

Jones - wanted new style

Question 15

Who were the two architects responsible for the reconstruction of the Houses of Parliament in 1836:

Answer 15

a. Barry

b. Pugin

Question 16

Why did the guidelines for the Houses of Parliament competition strictly state the style to be used was either Gothic or Elizabethan?

Answer 16

French were being classical, British wanted to use opposite style

Question 17

The L-shaped floor plan favored by Arts and Crafts designers was first championed by the theorist ______, as a critique of the symmetrical plans by ________.

Answer 17

Pugin

Palladio

Question 18

_____, along with Thomas Carlyle, did more than anyone else to shape the culture of Victorian Britain.

Answer 18

Ruskin

Question 19

The two books written by John Ruskin that pertain to architectural theory are:

Answer 19

a. The Seven Lamps of Architecture

b. The Stones of Venice

Question 20

The “Red House”, symbol of the beginning of the Arts and Crafts movement in England was designed by which architect?

Answer 20

Webb

Question 21

The movement in painting which influenced William Morris that was the parallel of the Gothic Revival in architecture was:

Answer 21

Pre-Raphaelism

Question 22

What was the configuration of the floor plan in a typical Arts and Crafts house?
Why was this configuration used?

Answer 22

L-shaped

rejection of Palladio’s symmetry & was easy to add on in the future