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Advanced Higher Biology > 1.2 - Proteins > Flashcards

1.2 - Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the proteome?

A

The proteome is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome.

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2
Q

What factors affect the set of protein expressed by a given cell type?

A

The metabolic activity of the cell
State of cellular stress
Response to signalling molecules
State of health/disease and/or during apopotosis

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3
Q

How can more than one protein be expressed from a single gene?

A

Alternative RNA splicing

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4
Q

What is cystol?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are genes that do not code for proteins called?

A

Non-coding RNA genes

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6
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a small surface area to volume ratio?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

A series of flattened membrane discs

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8
Q

What are vesicles?

A

They transport materials between membrane compartments.

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9
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles containing a wide variety of hydrolases.

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9
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles containing a wide variety of hydrolases.

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10
Q

What do the hydrolases in lysosomes do?

A 
Digest:
 proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
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11
Q

What factor affect the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type are?

A 
The metabolic activity of the cell
State of cellular stress
Response to signalling molecules 
State of health
Disease 
Apoptosis
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12
Q

Are all genes expressed as proteins in a particular cell?

A

Not all genes are expressed as proteins in a particular cell,
And the set of proteins expressed by a given cell type can vary over time
And under different conditions.

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13
Q

What are genes that don’t code for proteins called?

A

Non-coding RNA genes

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14
Q

What do non coding RNA genes do?

A

some are transcribed to produce tRNA, rRNA and various other RNA molecules that control the expression of protein-encoding genes

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15
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a relatively small surface area to volume ratio?

A

Yes

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16
Q

What is the surface area of eukaryotic cells membranes too small to carry out?

A

All the vital functions that rely on membranes and the specialised proteins associated with them.

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17
Q

How do eukaryotic cells increase their total membrane area?

A

They have an internal system of specialised membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) which forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane.

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18
Q

What does ER stand for?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

What does RER stand for?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What does SER stand for?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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21
Q

Does the RER have ribosomes?

A

RER has docked ribosomes on its cytosolic face

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22
Q

Does SER have ribosomes?

A

SER lacks riobosomes

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23
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus is a series of flattened membrane discs related to the ER and has associated vesicles that transport materials between membrane compartments.

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24
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are formed from specialised Golgi vesicles.
Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles containing a variety of hydrolases that can digest proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.

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25
Q

What are the main membrane components?

A

Phospholipids and proteins are the main membrane components.

26
Q

Describe phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid molecules have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
They are formed into a bilayer.

27
Q

Where are lipids synthesised?

A

The SER

28
Q

Where does the synthesis of all proteins begin?

A

In cytosolic ribosomes

29
Q

Where is the synthesis of cytosolic proteins completed?

A

In cytosolic ribosomes

30
Q

Where do cytosolic proteins remain?

A

These proteins remain in the cytsol of the cell where they carry out their specific functions.

31
Q

What is cytosol another word for?

A

Cytoplasm

32
Q

What is cytoplasm another word for?

A

Cytosol

33
Q

Where is the synthesis of transmembrane proteins completed?

A

The synthesis of transmembrane proteins begins in cytosolic ribosomes but is completed when the relevant cytosolic ribosomes dock with the ER to become part of the RER.

34
Q

Where are transmembrane proteins permanently attached?

A

Transmembrane proteins are integral to the membrane and are permanently attached there.

35
Q

Are all internal proteins completely transmembrane?

A

No

36
Q

What do transmembrane proteins carry?

A

A signal sequence

37
Q

What is a signal sequence?

A

A short stretch of 16-30 amino acids at one end of a polypeptide that will determine the eventual location of that protein in a cell.

38
Q

What is proteolytic cleavage?

A

Proteolytic cleavage is a type of post-traditional modification.

39
Q

What is an example of an intracellular protein?

A

Enzymes that control glycolysis.

40
Q

What is an example of a transmembrane protein?

A

Channel proteins to permit the transport of specific substances across the cell membrane

41
Q

What is an example of extracellular protein for secretion?

A

Peptide hormones such as insulin, enzymes such as salivary amylase and hydrolases that enter lysosomes.

42
Q

Describe what is meant by the proteome

A

The entire set of genes expressed by the genome

43
Q

Explain why the proteome is larger than the genome in many eukaryotic organisms

A

An individual gene may be expressed to produce several different proteins because of alternative splicing

44
Q

Describe alternative RNA splicing

A

During splicing different Exons may be retained

Different introns may be removed

45
Q

List three factors that can affect the set of proteins expressed by a cell type

A

Metabolic activity, which changes with age/senescence/dormancy state
Cellular stress level, which depends on extremes of temperature/pH/ exposure to toxins/ mechanical damage
Response to signalling molecules such as hormones/antigens exposure
State of health
Apoptosis

46
Q

Describe the various different membranes inside a cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of membrane tubules,
Continuous with nuclear membrane,
Can be rough (RER) with ribosomes,
Or smooth (SER) without ribosomes,
Golgi apparatus is related to ER,
Forms vesicles/involved in the formation of lysosomes

47
Q

Name the chemical components of a cell membrane and their synthesis

A

Phospholipids synthesised in SER

transmembrane proteins started in cytosolic ribosomes and Finished in docked ribosomes/RER

48
Q

Describe the differences between the various protein synthesised in cells in terms of their final destinations

A

Cytosolic proteins are synthesised in cytosolic ribosomes
Transmembrane proteins start in cytosolic ribosomes and finish in docked ribosomes/RER and are inserted into ER membrane
Secretory protein started in cytosolic ribosomes and finished in docked ribosomes and released into ER lumen

49
Q

Describe two different types of post translational modification

A

Addition of carbohydrate in Golgi apparatus

Proteolytic cleavage of digestive enzymes in gut

50
Q

Name the 4 types of R group and describe the characteristics of each

A

Hydrophobic - uncharged
Basic - positively charged/hydrophilic
Acidic - negatively charged/hydrophilic
Polar - small balanced charges/ have no net charge

51
Q

Describe the primary and secondary level of protein structure

A

Primary is a sequence of amino acids

Secondary is folding to produce helixes/sheets/turns, held in shape by hydrogen bonds

52
Q

Name 5 types of bond that can hold the tertiary structure of protein in shape

A 
Hydrophobic attractions
Ionic bonds 
Covalent disulfide bridges 
London dispersion forces 
Hydrogen bonds
53
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

Arrangement of subunits

May have prosthetic groups

54
Q

Explain what is meant by co-operativity between subunits of a protein

A

Binding or disbanding of substances at subunits

Affects affinity of these substances for further subunits

55
Q

Describe co-operativity in haemoglobin

A

Binding of oxygen to first subunit

Increases affinity of further subunits for oxygen

56
Q

Describe allosteric sites and how modulators affect enzyme action

A

Allosteric sites are binding sites but not the active site
Positive modulators increase activity at binding site/are activators
Negative modulators decrease activity at active site/are inhibitors

57
Q

Explain how phosphorylation can affect the functioning of proteins

A

Phosphorylation is by kinases/changes conformation of protein can activate protein
De-phosphorylation is by phosphates/changes conformation of protein and can deactivate protein

58
Q

Describe the location (s) of translation of the enzymes that are to be secreted from the cell

A

Starts in cytosolic ribosomes

Finished in docked ribosomes/ribosomes on ER

59
Q

Describe one example of a post transitional modification that might occur within the Golgi apparatus

A

Addition of carbohydrate

60
Q

Describe how enzymes within vesicles leaving the Golgi apparatus are secreted

A

Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and contents are released

61
Q

Give one post translation modification to an enzyme that happens following secretion

A

Proteolytic cleavage

62
Q

Give the term used to describe non-protein groups, such as harm, which are tightly bound to proteins and are essential for their function

A

Prosthetic group

63
Q

Name two substances produced by a rapidly respiring muscle cell which would reduce its pH

A

Carbon dioxide

Lactate/lactic acid

Advanced Higher Biology (8 decks)

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