12. Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Alkane General Formula
CnH2n+2
Single Bond between carbons
Alkene General Formula
CnH2n
Double bond between carbons
Alkyne General Formula
CnH2n+1
Tripple bond between carbons
Alcohol General Formula, Functional Group
CnH2n+1OH
R-OH
Functional Group is OH
Ending for alcohol is ol
IUPAC Nomenclature rules
Prefix + Word root + Primary Suffix + Secondary Suffix
Prefix
Atoms which are never used as functional groups
F- Fluoro
Cl- Chloro
Br- Bromo
I- Iodo
Word Root
Longest Continous Chain of Carbon
Ex. Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex
Primary Suffix
Tells whether the compound is saturated or not. If it has a single carbon bond.
C-C –> ‘ane’
C=C –> ‘ene’
C triple bond C —> ‘yne’
Secondary Suffix
Functional Group.
Atoms or group of atoms that determines the property of an organic compound.
Ex. Ending for alcohol is ol
Properties of Alkane
Combustion
Substitution
Combustion Reaction
After combustion they have out useful energy such as CNG.
Complete: Carbon Dioxide and Water are formed.
Incomplete: CO and Water are formed.
Substitution Reaction of Alkenes
Only Alkenes go through substitution reaction.
Alkanes are saturated thus nothing can be added.
For a reaction to occur there must be UV light, high temperature/ sunlight since alkenes are not very reactive.
Substitution with various molecueles
Cl2 —> Chlorination
Br2 —> Bromination
I2 —-> Iodination
Addition reaction of Alkenes
Addition of Br2 —> Bromination
Addition of H20 —> Hydration
Methods of making Alcohol
Alkene + Water
Fermentation: Yeast is a catalyst and the raw material is anything with starch
Hydration is faster and pure alcohol is made rather than fermentation
First 4 members of Alcohol
Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, and Butanol
Polymerisation
Many units combine and give 1 large product
Monomer
One unit
Combustion of Alcohol
Example:
C3H7OH +9O2 –> 6CO2 + 8H2O
Functional Group of Alcohol, Ester and Carboxylic Acid
-
Oxidation of Alcohol
Alcohol + Oxygen –> Carboxylic Acid
(heat)
The oxygen is made due to:
Potassium dichromate and concentrated acid (such as sulphuric acid)
Potassium Dichromate: K2Cr2O7
Reflux
Complete oxidation (heat strongly for a long time)
When is oxidation agent used?
Oxidation agent is used for selective oxidation to remove OH and the hydrocarbon will remain
Isomers
2 or more organic compounds having same molecular formula with different structural formula
Ester: How is it made?
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol <—-> Ester + H20
(concentrated H2SO4 and heat)
Use of Ester
Ester is traditionally used for perfumes or scenting things
First 4 members of Carboxylic Acid
Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid
