12. Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Alkane General Formula

Answer 1

CnH2n+2

Single Bond between carbons

Question 2

Alkene General Formula

Answer 2

CnH2n

Double bond between carbons

Question 3

Alkyne General Formula

Answer 3

CnH2n-2

Tripple bond between carbons

Question 4

Alcohol General Formula, Functional Group

Answer 4

CnH2n+1OH

R-OH

Functional Group is OH

Ending for alcohol is ol

Question 5

IUPAC Nomenclature rules

Answer 5

Prefix + Word root + Primary Suffix + Secondary Suffix

Question 6

Prefix

Answer 6

Atoms which are never used as functional groups

F- Fluoro
Cl- Chloro
Br- Bromo
I- Iodo

Question 7

Word Root

Answer 7

Longest Continous Chain of Carbon
Ex. Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex

Question 8

Primary Suffix

Answer 8

Tells whether the compound is saturated or not. If it has a single carbon bond.
C-C –> ‘ane’
C=C –> ‘ene’
C triple bond C —> ‘yne’

Question 9

Secondary Suffix

Answer 9

Functional Group.

Atoms or group of atoms that determines the property of an organic compound.

Ex. Ending for alcohol is ol

Question 10

Properties of Alkane

Answer 10

Combustion

Substitution

Question 11

Combustion Reaction

Answer 11

After combustion they have out useful energy such as CNG.

Complete: Carbon Dioxide and Water are formed.
Incomplete: CO and Water are formed.

Question 12

Incomplete Combustion Dangers

Answer 12

1) Carbon Monoxide (CO) is toxic, deadly and odourless which makes it more difficult to notice.

2) Soot causes pollution, clogs engines and may lead to black walls

When incomplete combustion occurs, there is a yellow or orange flame but when proper combustion occurs there is a blue flame.

Question 13

Substitution Reaction of Alkanes

Answer 13

Only Alkanes go through substitution reaction.
Alkanes are saturated thus nothing can be added.

For a reaction to occur there must be UV light, high temperature/ sunlight since alkenes are not very reactive.

Question 14

Substitution with various molecueles

Answer 14

Cl2 —> Chlorination
Br2 —> Bromination
I2 —-> Iodination

Question 15

Addition reaction of Alkenes

Answer 15

Addition of Br2 —> Bromination
Addition of H20 —> Hydration

Question 16

Methods of making Alcohol

Answer 16

Alkene + Water
Fermentation: Yeast is a catalyst and the raw material is anything with starch

Hydration is faster and pure alcohol is made rather than fermentation

Question 17

First 4 members of Alcohol

Answer 17

Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, and Butanol

Question 18

Polymerisation

Answer 18

Many units combine and give 1 large product

Question 19

Monomer

Answer 19

One unit

Question 20

Combustion of Alcohol

Answer 20

Example:
C3H7OH +9O2 –> 6CO2 + 8H2O

Question 21

Functional Group of Alcohol, Ester and Carboxylic Acid

Answer 21

Alcohol -OH
Ester -COO-
Carboxylic Acid -COOH-

Question 22

Oxidation of Alcohol

Answer 22

Alcohol + Oxygen –> Carboxylic Acid
(heat)

The oxygen is made due to:
Potassium dichromate and concentrated acid (such as sulphuric acid)
Potassium Dichromate: K2Cr2O7

Question 23

Reflux

Answer 23

Complete oxidation (heat strongly for a long time)

Question 24

When is oxidation agent used?

Answer 24

Oxidation agent is used for selective oxidation to remove OH and the hydrocarbon will remain

Question 25

Isomers

Answer 25

2 or more organic compounds having same molecular formula with different structural formula

Question 26

Ester: How is it made?

Answer 26

Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol <----> Ester + H20 (concentrated H2SO4 and heat)

Question 27

Use of Ester

Answer 27

Ester is traditionally used for perfumes or scenting things

Question 28

First 4 members of Carboxylic Acid

Answer 28

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid