12 Months and on: Motor Development Flashcards
characteristics of early skill patterns
- arrhythmic and stiff (no fluidity)
- arms rarely involved: hold arms stiffly or in high guard position or out to sides to aid BALANCE.
- fixing postures noted
oral motor outflow
- land footflat
important determinants of motor development
- practice
- expertise
- environment
- child intrinsic genetic capacities
- temperament observer vs motor driven
development is shaped by a process of selection in which children develop movement repertoires that are optimal for functioning in their specific environmental conditions
Backwards Walking
encourages backwards walking
- label the action
- pull toy
laundry basket/box: you push the basket forwards while child holds the other end
stand on your feet: child foot on top of your foot and hold hands and walk forwards
Walking upstairs
BUE support–>then single UE support
- coordinating hand placement
- balance
- strength
- gravitational insecurity: becomes anxious when feet leave the ground (this also interferes with jumping)
caregiver education
make sure hand is not behind them on the handrail and that handrail is appropriate height and that child doesnt hold from under the handrail (stuck if fall)
child proof gating
put bright tape on stairs to see it
- strabismus: dont have depth perception
torticolis: weak eye muslces
make like real environment: backpack, make sure backpack not hit hips someone in front or behind (distractions),
where handrail is
hemi, brachial plexus injury, CVA: cannot use rail on impaired side
Curbs
first with hand support
curb height affects UE support:
if the knee is lower than hip level appropriate size to step up or down without hand support
cannot do without UE if knee is not lower than hip
WALK UP/DOWN 1 inch curb with or without support
walk up/down 7 inch curb with or without support
Ride on Toys
learn to get on and off from BOTH SIDES (18-24 months): wide seat to straddle and place feet on the ground
push backwards symmetrically first then asymmetrically later
forwards later: entire foot must be on the floor (more balance challenge)
need dynamic balance, coordination and motor planning
car toy: after ride on toy, get in and out, push backwards first and then pull forwards later: entire foot on the floor
When jump with 2 feet
2 yrs
When Hop
3 yrs
When gallop
4 years
When skip
5 years
When Bike
tricycle: 3 Years (note it position of sitting on bike makes it easier to propel)
Bike 5/6-9 years
Helmet
2 fingers width above eyebrows
Side straps form “V” under and lightly in front of the ear
Chin strap: no more than 1-2 fingers fit between chin and strap
Helmet should not rock if it does tighten the back strap by moving the slider back towards the ear
RUN
early characteristics
start to run 6-7 months s/p walking:
walk–>hurried walk–>run
EARLY CHARACTERISTICS
- foot flat landing
- toe out
- minimal hip extension
- minimal push off
- arms do not participate: mid or high guard positioning
Then…
1. swings arms bilaterally–may swing arms horizontally across the body instead of pumping forwards/backwards
- elbows may extend instead of remaining flexed
- trunk erect instead of forwards
- short stride length
- swing leg knee flexion less than 90 degrees
Jumping
start with one foot take off and landing and more mature is bilateral footed
knees flexed initially and then extend for lift off
ams not coordinated with jump–arms not assisting–arms abducted and in high guard position to prevent falling: earlier jumper
ams progress from no arm action to limited am swing, extend behind the body and then a vigorous arm swing forward to overhead position
at takeoff trunk erect isntrad of flexed forwards, need preperatory crouch
heels in contact with the ground, heels off just prior to take off
landing: knees flexed, knee extension with genu valgum (risk of ACL injury) on both knees (sensory seeking)
Hop
age 3 years
hop on preferred foot
strength, balance, timing
—initial prehop: extend hopping leg as child tries to lift off//swing leg is held high and in front or out to side of body // weight is transferred to the ball of the foot results in lifting heel off floor //arms inactive
–hopping pattern: trunk forward instead of being erect// swing leg is held in front and does not participate .. swing leg held behind body may assist by pumping forward and backwards in more mature pattern // forwards and backwards pumping in leg assist in force production / arms do not assist (held tight at sides) am swing upwards and bilateral: arms move in opposition. the arm opposite the swing leg moves forwards and upwards more mature
