12. Mating

Question 1

4 methods of asexual reproduction

Answer 1

-Binary fission
-Fragmentation
-Parthenogenesis
-Runners

Question 2

Sexual selection

Answer 2

Mate choice by one sex and/or competition for mates among individuals of the same sex

May result in selection for certain traits

Question 3

What are the 3 sex types

Answer 3

-Male
-Female
-Hermaphrodite

Question 4

What are the 2 types of hermaphrodite

Answer 4

1. Instantaneous- can perform male and female functions at the same time
2. Sequential- individual changes sex over time

Question 5

What are the 2 types of sequential hermaphrodites?

Answer 5

1. Protandrous (male becomes female)
2. Protogynous (female becomes male)

Question 6

What are the male and female plant sex organs?

Answer 6

Male:
Stamen (anther and filament)

Female:
Pistil (stigma, style, ovary)

Question 7

Can all plants self pollinate?

Answer 7

No

75% are hermaphroditic, but some have evolved methods to prevent self pollination

Question 8

Manogamy

Answer 8

A mating system with one male and one female that have an exclusive relationship for some period of time

Question 9

What are the types of monogamy?

Answer 9

1. Genetic monogomy: parents raise their genetic offspring (full fidelity)
2. Social monogamy: parents raise young that may or may not be their genetic offspring

Question 10

Why might monogamy have evolved?

Answer 10

1. Ansiogamy: females are more selective since their gametes are larger, finite, and more energetically costly
2. Parters are rare or have wide territories
3. Parental care means higher fitness of offspring

Question 11

Promiscuity

Answer 11

A mating system where individuals have several sexual partners

Question 12

3 types of promiscuity

Answer 12

1. Polygyny- 1 male, many females
2. Polyandry- 1 female, many males
3. Polygynandry- many males & females

Question 13

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 13

Characteristics of males and females not directly involved in reproduction

Question 14

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 14

When a species has several secondary sex characteristics that differ between males and females

Question 15

Intersexual

Answer 15

Selection for traits that increase chances of being chosen by the opposite sex

e.g. peafowl, robins, etc

Question 16

Intrasexual selection

Answer 16

Selection for traits that provide an advantage during competition among the same sex for access to mates

e.g. deer antlers, beetle horns

Question 17

What are the disadvantages for some secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 17

• Increased mortality in fights (antlers)
• Increased predation (loss of camouflage)
• Higher allocation of resources at the expense of other functions
• Habitat compatibility

Question 18

Describe the study on guppies and the tradeoff between predation pressure and sexual selection

Answer 18

-Female guppies are less colourful than males
- Females mate with more colourful males

-3 treatments (high, low, and no predation)

-Guppies in low/no predation environments have more spots

-Guppies in high predation environment have less spots

-when guppies are transferred from high to low predation, future generations evolve more spots

Question 19

What causes non random mating in plants?

Answer 19

• Competition between pollen from different donors
• Interference competition- interactions between pollen inhibits germination

Question 20

Sexual conflict

Answer 20

Asymmetry between sexes in potential evolutionary benefits/costs from mating

e.g. being pregnant and caring for young for a female is costly and relatively inexpensive for males

Question 21

Coevolution

Answer 21

Reciprocal evolutionary interaction between 2 or more evolving groups