Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OPIC (Y4) > 12- Health inequalities > Flashcards

12- Health inequalities Flashcards

1
Q

Social determinants of health

A

Non-medical factors that influence health outcomes

Are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define health inequality

A

the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries.

In countries at all levels of income, health and illness follow a social gradient: the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Health dependent on factors such as where you live, your wealth, your occupation and socioeconomic background:

A
  • Life expectancy
  • Infant deaths
  • Morbidity
  • Disability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list some social determinants of health

A

these can influence health equity in positive and negative ways

  • Income and social protection
  • Education
  • Unemployment and job insecurity
  • Working life conditions
  • Food insecurity
  • Housing, basic amenities and the environment
  • Early childhood development
  • Social inclusion and non-discrimination
  • Structural conflict
  • Access to affordable health services of decent quality.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

inverse care law

A

These trends can be summed up as the inverse care law: that the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served (Tudor Hart, 1971).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

inverse care law: access to GP and hospital services

A

In areas of most sickness and death:

  • GPS have more work, larger lists, less hospital support and inherit more clinically ineffective traditions of consultation than in the healthiest areas
  • Hospital doctors should heavier case loads with less staff and equipment, more obsolete buildings and suffer recurrent crises in bed availability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Measuring health

A
  • Mortality and life expectancy
  • Self- report (e.g surveys)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Health and social class

A

Health inequalities evident between and within regions.

Deprivation strongly associated with ill health: - The more deprived a person is the larger the proportion of their life will be spent in ill health and more likely to die at a younger age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Health and gender

A

‘Men die quicker, but women get sicker’

Men

  • Lower life expectancy
    • More CVD e.g. heart attacks
    • More suicide
    • More violent death

Women

  • Higher life expectancy
  • Higher reported (poor) mental health
  • Higher rates of disability and limiting longstanding illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

health and ethnicity

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inequity vs inequality

A

Inequalities- when things are different (not equal)

Inequity- inequalities that are unfair and avoidable (or not accounted for by clinical need)

You can have inequality without inequity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inequities in Access to healthcare

A

More deprived groups seem to have:

  • Higher rates of use of
    • GP services
    • Emergency services
  • Under-use of
    • Preventative services (screening, asthma, outpatients)
    • Specialist services (cancer treatment)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

deprivation and access

A
  • Deprived peoples health is usually managed a as series of crises (i.e. they don’t go to the doctor until they are very unwell)
    • Normalisation of ill-health
  • Event based counselling (i.e. at a food bank or walk in clinic at homeless shelters) may be needed to legitimise consultation
    • These events are expensive- difficult marshalling resources needed for negotiation and engagement with health services.
      • Due to lack of cultural alignment between health and service and lower socio-economic groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explanations, theories and pathways for health inequalities

A

Famous reports:

  • Black report (1-4)
  1. Artefact (discredited)
  2. Social selection
  3. Behavioural-cultural
  4. Materialist (most plausible)
  5. Psychosocial
  6. Income distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

social selection

A

Direction of causation is from health to social position

  • Sick individuals move down social hierarchy, healthy individuals move up
  • Chronically ill and disabled more likely to be disadvantaged
  • Plausible explanation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Behaviour-cultural explanation

A

Ill health due to peoples choices/ decisions, knowledge and goals.

Limitations:

  • Behaviours are outcomes of social processes, not simply individual choice
  • Choices may be difficult to exercise in adverse conditions
  • Choices may be rational for those who lives are constrained by lack of resources
17
Q

Artefact explanation

A

Health inequalities evident due to the way statistics are collected (re measurement of class)

  • Concerns about quality of data and method of measurement
    • Numerator: based on occupational distribution of those who die during the period considered
    • Denominator: occupational distribution at the most recent cencus
  • Mostly discredited as an explanation
  • If anything, data problems lead to underestimation of inequalities
18
Q

Artefact explanation

A

Health inequalities evident due to the way statistics are collected (re measurement of class)

  • Concerns about quality of data and method of measurement
    • Numerator: based on occupational distribution of those who die during the period considered
    • Denominator: occupational distribution at the most recent cencus
  • Mostly discredited as an explanation
  • If anything, data problems lead to underestimation of inequalities
19
Q

Materialist explanation

A

Inequalities In health arise from differential access to material resources.

  • Lack of choice in exposure to hazards e.g. radiation
  • Accumulation of factors across life course
  • Most plausible

Limitations:

  • Further research needed as to precise routes through which material deprivation causes ill-health
20
Q

Psychosocial explanation

A
  • Health influenced more by differences in income than actual income
  • Some stressors are distributed on a social gradients e.g. negative life events, social support, autonomy at work and job security
  • Stress impacts on health via different pathways
    • Direct- physiological and immune system
    • Indirect- mental health
21
Q

Wilkinsons report summary

A

income distribution theory

  • Relative (not average) income affects health
  • Countries with greater income inequalities have greater health inequalities
  • It is not the richest, but the most egalitarian societies that have the best health
22
Q

marmot review

A
23
Q

best way to help with people coming from disadvantaged groups

A

intregrated health and social care approach

24
Q

implicit bias

A

Implicit biases are attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.

People are not even aware of when these biases occur.

They are prevalent and permeate throughout the workplace at all levels.

25
Q

explicit bias

A

Explicit bias refers to the attitudes and beliefs we have about a person or group on a conscious level. Much of the time, these biases and their expression arise as the direct result of a perceived threat. When people feel threatened, they are more likely to draw group boundaries to distinguish themselves from others.

26
Q

People experiencing homelessness face

A

significant health inequalities and poorer health outcomes than the rest of the population.

  • many death preventable
27
Q

barriers homeless population face to accessing health and social care services

A

stigma and discrimination, a lack of trusted contacts, and rigid eligibility criteria for accessing services.

28
Q

who counts as homeless

A

people aged over 16 experiencing homelessness, including people sleeping rough, staying in temporary accommodation or ‘sofa surfing’ with family and friends.

29
Q

people who are homeless often have

A
  • poorer physical and mental health - cause and a consequence of being homeless
30
Q

key problems which disproportionaltey affect the homless

A
  • drug and alcohol dependence
  • sexual assault
  • skin problems
  • malnutrition
  • parasitic infection
  • dental and periodontal disease
  • joint disease
  • hepatic cirrhosis
  • infectious hepatitis- iIVDU
31
Q

health problems which cause homelessness

A
  • mental illness e.g. schizophrenia
  • AIDS
  • alcoholism and drug dependence
  • degenerative illness/ accidents which causes loss of occupation
32
Q

occupation and health

A

Occupation is a major contributor to injuries and disease

  • e.g. those working in mines or dye factories → lung cancer
  • e.g. farming → infections

OPIC (Y4) (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions