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GB > 12. Gut Embryology > Flashcards

12. Gut Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the yolk sac?

A

Generation of blood cells in wall

Origin of primordial germ cells

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2
Q

What does the vitelline duct connect?

A

Gut tube to yolk sac

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3
Q

What suspends the gut tube from the dorsal body wall?

A

Dorsal mesentery

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4
Q

What is the ventral mesentery derived from?

A

Septum transversum

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5
Q

What divides the ventral mesentery?

A

Liver

Divides into falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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6
Q

What tissue is the septum transversum made from?

A

Mesodermal

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7
Q

Where does the septum transversum extend from?

A

Thorax to stalk of yolk sac

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8
Q

What are the derivatives of the septum transversum?

A

Ventral mesentery
Diaphragm
Part of liver

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9
Q

What type of hernia occurs if there is an opening between the sternal and costal heads of the diaphragm?

A

Hernia of Morgagni

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10
Q

What type of hernia occurs if there is an absence of pleuroperitoneal membrane?

A

Hernia of Bochdalek

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11
Q

What are the results of a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Abdominal organs move into pleural cavity

Impaired lung function and growth

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12
Q

What marks the beginning of the foregut in the embryo?

A

Tracheobronchial diverticulum

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13
Q

What is the first part of the embryological gut tube called?

A

Pharyngeal gut

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14
Q

What needs to form to separate the oesophagus from the trachea?

A

Tracheoesophageal ridge

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15
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Oesophagus joins up to the trachea

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16
Q

What is oesophageal atresia?

A

Gut tube isn’t joined

17
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior of the stomach?

A

Left vagal nerve

18
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior of the stomach?

A

Right vagal nerve

19
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

Extreme narrowing of the pylorus

Results in projectile vomiting

20
Q

Describe how the duodenum becomes retroperitoneal

A

Originally develops on mesoduodenum
As the stomach rotates, the duodenum rotates to the right
This presses it against the posterior abdominal wall, making it a retroperitoneal structure

21
Q

What happens to the gut tube during week 6?

A

Endodermal cells lining the tube proliferate and obliterate the lumen

22
Q

Describe the development and positioning of the spleen

A

Forms within dorsal mesentery
Initially in isolated islands, which then join up
Moves to left as stomach rotates

23
Q

Where does the liver bud grow from?

A

Endodermal epithelium from foregut

24
Q

What 2 sources of cells are used to make up the liver?

A

Endothelium from bud

Hepatocytes

25
Q

What are the functions of the liver in the embryo?

A

Bile formation from 12 weeks

Haematopoiesis at 6 weeks

26
Q

What does the gallbladder arise from?

A

Caudal offshoot from the liver bud

27
Q

Describe the formation of the pancreas

A

Forms as 2 separate buds
Foregut rotates, bringing around the ventral bud
Now in dorsal mesentery

28
Q

What pancreatic duct comes from the ventral bud?

A

Wirsung

29
Q

What pancreatic duct comes from the dorsal bud?

A

Santorini

30
Q

What is it called when 2 pancreatic ducts open into the duodenum?

A

Pancreas divisum

31
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A

Dorsal pancreatic bud is bilobed

One bud is anterior and the other posterior of the duodenum, constricting it

32
Q

What is physiological herniation?

A

Normal herniation between weeks 6-10

Abdominal cavity is too small due to rapid growth of midgut and liver

33
Q

What are 2 abnormalities associated with physiological herniation?

A

Omphalocoele

Gastroschisis

34
Q

Which direction does the midgut rotate?

A

270 degrees counterclockwise

35
Q

Name 4 midgut abnormalities

A

Meckel’s Diverticulum
Vitelline cyst
Vitelline fistula
Small bowel atresias

GB (15 decks)

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