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Nutrition 120 | Midterm 1 > 1.2 Food Provides Nutrients > Flashcards

1.2 Food Provides Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients must be provided in the diet because the body either cannot make them or cannot make them in sufficient quantities to satisfy its needs.
[ex. vitamin C deficiency → our body cannot synthesize]

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2
Q

How many nutrients have been determined to be essential to life?

A

Approximately 45

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3
Q

What are fortified foods?

A

Foods to which one or more nutrients have been added, typically to replace nutrient losses during processing or to prevent known inadequacies in the Canadian diet.

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4
Q

What are natural health products?

A

Natural health products are a category of products regulated by Health Canada that include vitamin and mineral supplements, amino acids, fatty acids, probiotics, herbal remedies, and homoeopathic and other traditional medicines. They occupy a middle ground between food and drugs.

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5
Q

How many Canadians use vitamin and mineral supplements?

A

The 2015-CCHS-Nutrition estimates about 46% of Canadians use vitamin and mineral supplements.

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6
Q

What is an example of a substance found in food that is needed by the body but not essential in the diet?

A

Lecithin is found in egg yolks and is needed for nerve function

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7
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A

Substances found in plant foods (phyto means plant) that are not essential nutrients but may have health-promoting properties.

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8
Q

What is an example of a phytochemical and what is its benefit?

A

Sulforaphane (broccoli) reduces risk of cancer

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9
Q

What are zoochemicals?

A

Substances found in animal foods (zoo means animal) that are not essential nutrients but may have health-promoting properties.

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10
Q

What is an example of a zoochemical and what is its benefit?

A

Fatty acids found in fish oils reduces risk of heart disease

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11
Q

How many classes of nutrients are there chemically?

A

There are six classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals

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12
Q

What are energy-yielding nutrients? List 3 examples.

A

Nutrients that can be metabolized to provide energy in the body.
Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

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13
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients needed by the body in large amounts. These include water and the energy-yielding nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

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14
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Nutrients needed by the body in large amounts. These include water and the energy-yielding nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

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15
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

Those containing carbon bonded to hydrogen (ex. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins)

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16
Q

What are inorganic molecules?

A

Those containing no carbon-hydrogen bonds (minerals and water).

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17
Q

What are the differences between kilocalories and calories?

A

They are the same. Though, technically, calories are 1/1000 of kilocalories - capital-C denotes the same meaning.

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18
Q

What is a kilocalorie (kcalories, kcal)?

A

The unit of heat that is used to express the amount of energy provided by foods. It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius (1 kcalorie = 4.18 kjoules).

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19
Q

What is a kilojoule (kjoule, kJ)?

A

A unit of work that can be used to express energy intake and energy output. It is the amount of work required to move an object weighing one kilogram a distance of 1 metre under the force of gravity (4.18 kjoules = 1 kcalorie).

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20
Q

What are legumes?

A

The starchy seeds of plants belonging to the pea family; includes peas, peanuts, beans, soybeans, and lentils.

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21
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates provide energy to the body. They contain 4 calories per gram. They include sugars such as those in table sugar, fruit and milk, and starches such as those in vegetables and grains.

22
Q

What are sugars?

A

The simplest form of carbohydrate

23
Q

What are starches?

A

More complex carbohydrates made of many sugars linked together.

24
Q

What is most fibre?

A

Most fibre is a carbohydrate and cannot be digested, and therefore provides very little energy. It is important for gastrointestinal health. It is found in vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains.

25
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are made of amino acids linked together

26
Q

What are lipids? What are they commonly called?

A

They are commonly called fats and oils, they provide nine calories per gram. They are a concentrated source of energy in food and a lightweight storage form of energy in the body

27
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

The type of lipid most abundant in foods and the body. They are made up of fatty acids.

28
Q

What are examples of triglycerides?

A

The fat on the outside of a steak, the butter and oil added to the food while cooking, layer of fat underneath a person’s skin.

29
Q

What types of diets increase the risk of heart disease?

A

Diets high in saturated fats.

30
Q

What types of diets decrease the risk of heart disease?

A

Diets high in monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids may reduce risks.

31
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

Another type of lipid. High levels in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease.

32
Q

Why is protein important?

A

It is needed for the growth and maintenance of body structures and regulation of body processes. It provides energy (four kilocalories per gram). There are thousands of different proteins in the body.

33
Q

What are examples of foods that provide protein?

A

Meat, fish, poultry, milk, grains, vegetables and legumes.

34
Q

Do animal products or plant products better match our need for amino acids>

A

Both provide. Animal products.

35
Q

What is water?

A

It is a macronutrient that does not provide energy.

36
Q

What % of weight in our body does water make up?

A

60%

37
Q

In what amounts is water required in our daily diet?

A

It is required in kilogram amounts

38
Q

What functions does water serve in the body?

A

Acting as a lubricant, a transport fluid, and a regulator of body temperature

39
Q

What % of the weight of raw beef is water? What about fruit and vegetables?

A

Raw beef - 60%
Fruits and Vegetables - 70-98%

40
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic molecules that do not provide energy but are needed to regulate body processes.

41
Q

How many substances have been identified as vitamins?

A

13

42
Q

What are some of the functions of vitamins?

A

Processes such as bone growth, vision, blood clotting, oxygen transport, and tissue growth and development

43
Q

What are minerals?

A

They are inorganic molecules. They do not provide any energy.

44
Q

What are some functions of minerals?

A

They are needed for bone strength, the transport of oxygen, and the transmission of nerve impulses.

45
Q

What are good sources of vitamins and minerals and what are not?

A

Fresh food. Food processing can cause some vitamin loss. Frozen, canned and otherwise processed foods can still be good sources of vitamins and minerals.

46
Q

What is the function of nutrients?

A

Together, the macronutrients and micronutrients provide energy, structure, and regulation, which are needed for growth, maintenance and repair, and reproduction.

47
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism.

48
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A physiological state in which a stable internal body environment is maintained.

49
Q

What is most of the weight of the human body comprised of? Or what are the most abundant nutrients in the human body?

A

Water, protein and fat

50
Q

What happens to energy in the body?

A

Some is used to synthesize new compounds, some is used to fuel physical activity, and some is lost as heat.

51
Q

When energy is not needed/used immediately, what is it stored as?

A

Fat

52
Q

How is energy provided to the body?

A

Biochemical reactions release energy in carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

Nutrition 120 | Midterm 1 (12 decks)

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