1.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

Common features

A
  • plasma membrane
  • Semifluid substance called cytosol
    – Chromosomes (carry genes)
    – Ribosomes (make proteins)
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2
Q

Exploring Eukaryotic cells

A

Animal cells

Fungal cells

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3
Q

Cells with chloroplasts

A

Plant cells

Protistan cells

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4
Q

Cell walls of plants

A
  • The cell wall is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
  • Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have cell walls
  • The cell wall protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
  • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protei
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5
Q

Plant cell walls

A

• Primary cell wall:
thin and flexible

• Middle lamella:
thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells

• Secondary cell wall (in some cells):
added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

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6
Q

The Nucleus: Information central

A
  • The nucleus contains most of the cell’s genes
  • The most conspicuous organelle

• Nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus
– double membrane
– lipid bilayer

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7
Q

Ribosomes: Protein factories

A

• Ribosomes are particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein

• Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis
– In the cytosol
– On the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope

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8
Q

The endomembrane system

A
  • Golgi apparatus

* Endosomes, lysosomes, exosomes etc.

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9
Q

Vacuoles: Diverse maintenance compartments

A

Food vacuoles - formed by phagocytes

Contractile vacuoles - found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Central vacuoles - found in many nature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water.

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10
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another

A

Mitochondria:
are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Chloroplasts:
found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

Peroxisomes:
oxidative organelles

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11
Q

The evolutionary origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

have similarities with bacteria

  • enveloped by double membrane
  • contain free ribosomes + circular DNA molecules
  • grow + reproduce somewhat independently in cells
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12
Q

The endosymbiont theory

A
  • early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic
  • endosymbiont relationship with host
  • merged into single organism, a eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion
  • photosynthetic prokaryote was taken up, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts
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