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Chemistry > 1.2: Atomic Structure > Flashcards

1.2: Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Atomic Number (Z) represent?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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2
Q

What does Mass Number (A) represent?
Synonym?

A

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

(Also called nucleon number)

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3
Q

What do the outermost electrons determine?

A
  • The properties of the atom
  • Reactivity - the ability to form bonds
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4
Q

Define Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Same Atomic Number but different mass number

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5
Q

What are the 3 properties of isotopes?

A
  • Same outer electrons
  • Same chemical identity
  • Physical properties can differ
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6
Q

What are the 3 isotopes of Hydrogen?

A
  1. Protium - 0 neutrons
  2. Deuterium - 1 neutron
  3. Tritium - 2 neutrons
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7
Q

What does mass spectrophotometry measure?

A

It measures the weight of atoms or compounds by observing the mass to charge ratio (m/z) of ions

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8
Q

What are the applications of mass spectrophotometry?

A
  • Determining the abundance of isotopes
  • Identification of small molecules and proteins
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9
Q

What does the height of peak and its position show you in mass spectrophotometry?

A
  • Peak height gives relative abundance
  • Positions of peaks gives atomic mass
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10
Q

Define ‘Relative Atomic Mass’

A

The weighted average of the individial isotpes

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11
Q

Can stable isotopes change?

A

NO!
They remain unchanged indefinetly

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12
Q

What are the 2 properties of unstable isotopes?
Synonym?

A
  1. They spontaneously disintegrate to become a stable nuclues
  2. Their disintegration results in emission if small particles and/or radiation
    - They are also called radioactive isotopes
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13
Q

What can both, stable and unstable isotopes be used for in scientific research?

A
  • Diagnostic tools
  • Trackers
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14
Q

Give one application of stable isotope

A

H. pylori breath testing

Naturally occurring Carbon:
~99% Carbon - 12
1% Carbon - 13
Traces of Carbon - 14

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15
Q

What happens during radioactive decay?

A

The nucleus of an unstable radioisotope seeks energetic stability by emitting particle/radiation

  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma photons
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16
Q

What is the half life (t ½) of a radioactive isotope?

A

The time taken for the activity (of a certain amount of the substance) to decay to half the initial value

17
Q

What happens in alpha radiation?

A
  • An alpha particle is emissed
  • The alpha particle = Helium nuclei
  • Causes a positive charge
18
Q

What happens in gamma radition?

A
  • A gamma photon is emissed
  • High frequency EM radiation
  • Neutral, therefore atomic mass and mass number don’t t change
  • Often happens with alpha or beta decay
19
Q

Why does gamma decay often happen after Alpha and beta decay

A

Alpha and beta decay leaves nucleus in excited state - It then loses energy by gamma decay

20
Q

What happens in the two types of beta radiation?

A

Beta minus - emission of an electron
Beta plus - emission of a positron (anti-electron)

21
Q

What is the capture process?

A

Where a small particle (electron, neutron etc) collides with a nucleus and is addedto it

22
Q

What can stop alpha, beta and gamma radiation?

A

Alpha - paper
Beta - Aluminuim (foil)
Gamma - thick lead

23
Q

What are the 3 industrial uses of unstable isotopes?

A
  • Energy generation.
  • Gamma sterilisation - Cobolt - 60
  • Imaging
24
Q

What is the domestic use for unstable isotopes?

A

Smoke detectors - 241Am (americium)

25
Q

What are the 2 medical uses of unstable isotopes?

A
  • Diagnostic
  • Therapeutic
26
Q

What are the musts for radioisotopes used in diagnosis?

A
  • Must produce gamma rays of sufficienct energy to escape from the body
  • Should have a half-life short enough for it to decay away soon after imagining
27
Q

What are the 2 common isotopes used in dignostic imaging , what are their half lives and what do they emit?

A
  1. 99 Tc m - 6 hours - emits gamma and low energy beta particles
  2. 18 F - 110 minutes - Positron emitter (Used in fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to measure cell metabolism)
28
Q

In what 3 ways are unstable isotopes used in therapy?

A

• Beams of radiation
• Implanted sources (brachytherapy)
• Biologically targeted agents

Requires selective damage to unhealthy tissue

29
Q

Natural uptake??????

A
  • 131I - t1/2 8.02 days; β and  emission - thyroid* 89SrCl and 153Sm - t1/2 1.93 days; β emission - bone metastasis* 32P - t1/2 14.28 days; β emission - bone marrow
    Targeted therapy e.g. Zevalin - lymphoma
30
Q

What is the Kinetic isotope effect

A

Where heavier isotopes react slightly more slowly

Chemistry (13 decks)

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