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ANSC20005 > 12 Animal Perception > Flashcards

12 Animal Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Visual acuity

A

clarity of vision

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2
Q

Visual acuity in dogs

A
  • difficult to measure
  • predicted to have 20/75 vision
  • long sighted
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3
Q

what is 20/75 vision?

A

dogs have to be 20 feet away to see it as well as a human 75 feet away (poor close up vision)

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4
Q

Binocular vision

A

what you see with both eyes; important because thats where our depth and movement perception is

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5
Q

binocular vision (normal nose length dogs)

A

much narrower than humans but field of vision is wider

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6
Q

binocular vision (pug nose)

A

not much wider than humans (eyes more forward on head)

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7
Q

Which one is more important? Field of vision or binocular vision?

A

Binocular vision - important for depth perception

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8
Q

Are dogs sensitive to moving objects?

A

yes, particularly at distances

- can see mouse running across field which may look like nothing to us

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9
Q

Dog sight: Night vision

A

3x vision compared to humans

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10
Q

Dog sight: color blindness

A

Dichromatic, red-green color blind

  • they do see color but not red and green (see in greys, blues and yellows)
  • can see shades but not color
  • if throw bright red ball into grass, wont notice bc itll just blend in
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11
Q

Dog sight: perspective

A
  • what we see is very different to where they are, especially for small dogs
  • thats why dogs keep jumping on things, to gain a different perspective
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12
Q

Why do floppy eared dogs hear less than pricked eared dogs?

A

floppy eared dogs have long/floppy cats and ear flap and hair act as an ear muff

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13
Q

Problems with floppy eared dogs

A

often end up with a lot of fungal ear infections bc they dont get enough air circulation through their ears; can result in deafness

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14
Q

which dog breed has the best sense of hearing?

A

short-coated breeds with large upright ears

*70,000 hz

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15
Q

How dogs hear

A

move ears to capture an initial sound, then direct both ears to the source to catch the maximum amount of sound waves

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16
Q

Olfaction

A

perception of scent

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17
Q

Anatomy of nose (dogs) (6)

A

shape of their nose is super important to be able to take in tiny smells

  1. nosepad or rhinarium (bumps unique as fingerprints)
  2. moisture helps capture scent (lick their nose)
  3. alar fold (slit along the side
  4. philtrum
  5. external nares
  6. dogs can smell with each nostril separately ; can tell which direction a smell is
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18
Q

Inhale/exhale mechanism (dogs)

A
  • breathe in through front and out through the slits
  • when they exhale it doesnt come out of the front so it wont blow the scent away
  • breathing pattern allows more odour to get into nose
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19
Q

Dogs olfactory regions

A
  • scroll-like structure lined with olfactory epithelium

- creates large SA for olfactory epithelium; large area dedicated to capturing scent

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20
Q

Dog scent receptors

A
  • 100000 to 100000000 times more sensitive to smells than humans
  • reason theyre so good at smelling is bc of their physiology (shape of their nose) and how their brain processes the smells
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21
Q

Dogs olfactory lobe (in brain)

A
  • takes up 1/8th of it’s brain; 40x larger than in humans

- much more of their brain power is dedicated to smelling

22
Q

sniffing and panting

A

cant pant while they sniff

  • panting is the process a dog uses to cool down
  • can lead to respiratory arrest and organ failure
23
Q

scent storage

A

dogs can “store” scent in the nasal pocket created by the bony sub-ethmoid shelf
- nasal pocket permits the odour molecules that are unrecognisable in a single sniff to accumulate and interact with olfactory receptors (if lose scent can just refer back, helps with tracking)

24
Q

nose fatigue (dogs)

A

dog is able to discriminate scent for indefinite periods without being subjected to nose fatigue
- will only get when theyre dehydrated (become immune to the smell)

25
Q

Where is the Vomeronasal organ (VNOs) aka Jacobson’s organ found? (2)

A

located in the nasal cavity and above the roof of the mouth (dogs can scent with their mouths open)

26
Q

primary function of VNOs

A
  • detect pheromones and large molecules that have undetectable odours to normal olfactory
27
Q

what do vnos help with? (4)

A
  • smelling male/female (not just dogs, humans too) bc males have high testosterone and females have high oestrogen; can detect when female is pregnant too
  • allows animals to perceive threats and potential mates
  • helps with perception of health
  • helps with the perception of emotion
28
Q

Smell through time (2)

A
  • can smell what is coming towards them bc they can pick up odours from the wind (can smell kms away if the wind is blowing in their favour)
  • can smell what has been there based on imprint of odour left behind
29
Q

What can dogs pick up about us based on sniffing? (7)

A
  1. gender
  2. age group
  3. health
  4. mood (cortisol, adrenaline, endorphin, serotonin)
  5. intention
  6. where you come from
  7. what you have eaten
30
Q

Do we have to put out hand for dog to sniff?

A

No, they can smell us miles away; usually just do this fo kids bc their face will be right in front of the dogs mouth (prevent getting bitten on face; will be arms length away)

31
Q

Feline vision

A
  • near sighted (everything at a distance is blurry)

- better color vision than dogs “pastel”

32
Q

Night vision (cats) (2)

A
  • have 6-8x more rod cells than humans which detect light at low levels
  • have a structure called a tapetum which is thought to improve night vision
33
Q

Cat scent

A

80M scent receptors (5M humans, 220M dogs)

VNO

34
Q

Whiskers

A
  • located on muzzle, above the eyes, ears, jaw, forelegs
  • highly sensitive tactile hairs (allow them to feel things)
  • follicle loaded with nerves at root of each whisker
  • can detect the precise location, size and texture of object even in the dark
35
Q

Horse vision

A
  • range of at least 100s of metres away
  • can distinguish patterns, means theyre able to take in fine detains
  • dichromatic vision (humans trichromatic)
  • much better night vision than humans
36
Q

Monocular/binocular? (horses)

A
  • primarily monocular (see diff things out of each eye)

- binocular only when looking straight (see the same thing out of each eye)

37
Q

Depth perception (horses)

A
  • poor when using only one eye (cant tell a mud puddle from a bottomless lagoon)
  • good with binocular (improved by about 5x when using both eyes)
38
Q

horse blind spot

A

only directly behind them; their field of vision extends throughout it’s length (but narrow)

39
Q

horse hearing

A
  • low to very high freq sound, 14 hz to 45 khz (humans 20hz to 20khz)
  • ears can move up to 180 degrees using 10 different muscles
  • can determine direction of sound > allows horse to orient towards the sounds
40
Q

horse smell

A

-more acute than that of humans and cats but less than dogs (25-100M scent receptor cells)

41
Q

Horse VNO location

A

just behind the teeth

- flehmen position: curling of the upper lip and a raising of the head.

42
Q

flehmen using the vno

A
  • trap pheromone scents in the VNOs so they can be analysed more closely
  • after horse draws in the odour (by several s of olfactory investigations) he curls his lip up to temporarily close the nasal passages and hold particles inside
43
Q

horse touch

A
  • extremely acute; their entire body is as sensitive as our fingertips > can feel a fly on a single hair
  • skin no thicker than ours and have many more nerve ending
44
Q

desensitizing horses

A
  • to not overreact to touch
  • must be careful not to desensitize too much ( horses will ignore training signals and touches) or not enough (horse is reactive and flighty)
45
Q

birds: sight

A
  • primary sense, far superior to humans (4-5x farther)
  • eye is very tightly fitted into the scull so very little movement (move thier heads insead)
  • objects directly in the line of sight are magnified; can see an ant crawling on the ground from the roof of a 10 story building
46
Q

birds range of vision: color

A

includes UV; important for birds to communicate

47
Q

what do birds use UV for? (4)

A
  1. mating
  2. feeding
  3. signals from hungry chicks
  4. foiling nest parasites
48
Q

UV: mating

A
  • 70% of all songbirds look sexually monochrome (male and female look the same) to humans
  • 90% of these are actually dichrome (multicolored but only in UV)
49
Q

UV: feeding

A
  • many insects incl moths and butterflies have body coatings that strongly reflect UV light
  • many seeds reflect UV, berries and fruits develop a highly reflective waxy coating when they ripen
  • most green leaves do not reflect uv light (birds dont eat green leaves)
50
Q

UV: signals from hungry chicks

A

chicks have edge of the mouth that reflects uv so mother can see where to put the food esp in the dark

51
Q

UV: foiling nest parasites

A

some birds tend to lay eggs in other nests; birds can filter these as they look different from their own eggs under UV

52
Q

UV: consumer products (3)

A
  • windows that reflect UV: avoid collision
  • cat collars: more visible to birds
  • pigeon/goose be gone (paint UV on roof to shoo goose away)
  • camouflage clothing for birders (a lot of washing powders have uv reflectors, birds can see while youre hiding as youre glowing)

ANSC20005 (19 decks)

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