12/9/2015 Spinal Questions Flashcards
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
Costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
Anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
Rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
Rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
Myodural bridges
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
The lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
The retrotransverse foramen
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
The vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
Lateral bridges
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
Vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
Male: 78 mm
Females: 72 mm
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
A little over 30mm for both males and females
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, Synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
How many synovial joints surfaces are observed at C1?
Five
What names are given to C2?
Axis or epistropheus
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
The dens or odontoid process
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
Facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
Lordotic dens
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
Kyphotic dens
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
Five
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
ten
What is the location of the “zygapophysis” relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?
It forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
