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Biochem > 12 > Flashcards

12 Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown

releases energy and CO2 (which must be removed)
produces nitrogen when breaking down proteins

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

build up

ie. protein synthesis, proliferation of cells adnd tissues, cellular repair, synthesis of neurotransmitters and nucleic acids

take energy + building blocks –> larger molecules

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3
Q

How are the tissues of metabolism specialized
What must it require

A

storage (adipose)
anabolism (liver)
waste removal (kidney)

nutrients and waste must circulate in the blood to reach these tissues (through concentration gradient) –> waste concentration in cells is high, nutrient concentration in blood is high

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4
Q

Where do water-soluble molecules go after entering the blood

A

go to the liver directly via the portal vein bfore entering general circulation

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5
Q

Where do fat-soluble molecules go after entering hte blood

A

go to the blood directly via the lymphatic system (cholymicrons)

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6
Q

Where do unabsorbed molecuels go after entering the blood

A

excreted fro mthe GI tract

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

What does the kidney do

A

water, minerals and metabolic wastes (urea) are ecreted through the bladder

controls excretion to maintain homeostasis (RAAS system)

maintenance of pH homeostasis (removes bicarb and hydrogen ions from the blood)

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9
Q

How is the energy supply maintained

A

deitary intake (but not consuming food at all time, not steady)
- carbs, proteins, lipids –> CO2, heat

body storage

metabolism shifts depending on how long it has been since a meal and what fuel sources are available

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10
Q

What happens if cells are not producing ATP

A

all pathways are affected
- DNA synthesis, glycolysis,

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11
Q

What are the states of maintaining energy supply

A

fed state: using dietary fuel coming in
fasting state: using stores of food to maintain food supply

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12
Q

Why is glucose the most critical fuel in the body

A

it is the primary energy source for the brain and RBC

energy for any type of cell in the body

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13
Q

Does glucose levels change in fasting state

A

stay flat because all processes in the body reorient themselves to maintain glucose levels for as long as possible

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14
Q

Why are RBC important

A

transport oxygen,
no RBC, no cells get oxygen

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15
Q

What maintians blood glucose levels in the body

A

hormones
- insulin = lots of glucose
- glucagon = means blood glucose is low

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16
Q

What happens in the fed state

A

glucose enters the blood from the GI tract – concentration of glucose in blood increases

glucose enters pancreas
- insulin released into the blood from beta cells
- glucagon production decreases in alpha cells

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17
Q

How long does the fed state last

A

until absorption of food is complete
1-4 hours

18
Q

What cells can glucose NOT get into

A

muscle and adipose tissue

19
Q

What processes are turned on by liver after receiving glucose

A

immediate energy needs
replenishes glycogen stores
excess is converted to triglycerides

(acetyl Co-A, glucagon…)

20
Q

What is glycogen

A

stored from of glucose in animals
consists of chains of glucose molecules

21
Q

What do muscles do with glycogen

A

store glucsoe as glycogen for use as energy during activity and muscle contraction

22
Q

What doe sliver do with glycogen

A

stores glucose as glycogen to help regulate blood glucose levels

23
Q

What is glycogen synthesis

A

uses excess glucose-6-P to form glycogen chains

24
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

glycogen degradation

breaks off glucose molecules, regenerating glucose 6-P
- re-enter glycolysis

25
Q

What is the glucose used for after being delivered by the blood

A

delivered to tissues
- all cells can use it as fuel
- adipose and muscle will only use glucose when insulin is present

26
Q

What do chylomicrons do

A

are the source of lipoproteins from diet –> formed in the intestines

27
Q

What is VLDL used for
what produces it

A

liver

triglycerides in VLDL are from excess carbohydrates and protein that has been converted for storage

28
Q

What are amino acids used for

A

used by liver to make blood and liver protein

29
Q

What happens to excess/free amino acids

A

enter the amino acid pool and can be used by all tissues to make protein
or
converted into other nitrogen-containing molecules (ex. neurotransmitters

excess protein can be converted into fatty acids and stored as triglyceride

30
Q

When does the fasting state begin

A

1-4 hours after a meal

31
Q

What happens oin the fasted state

A

blood glucose levels have returned to fasting levels
fasted state continues until food is consumed again and a new fed state begins

the return of blood glucose to baseline signals the pancreas to decrease insulin secretion and glucagon secretion increases

32
Q

What does the fasted state signal

A

decrease insulin
glucagon secretion increases

the liver responds to these hormonal signals to control blood glucose levels
- glucagon signals the need for glycogenolysis so blood levels do not fall too low

33
Q

What is the liver’s role in maintaining blood glucose levels during fastor

A

fuel control centre

can produce glucose from glycogenolysis
or
as glycogen stores are depleted, new glucose can be made from alternative sources (gluconeogensis)

34
Q

What is gluconeogensesis

A

reverse of glycolysis
use of non-carb sources to produce glucose

glycerol, lactate and amino acids can be used as precursors for glucose (ex. alanine)
- provides a steady source of glucose to maintain blood glucose levels
- aa breakdown will generate ammonia/urea

35
Q

What is the role of fatty acid in fasting state

A

major source of fuel

adipose triglycerides are broken down (lipolysis) –> yields glycerol (for gluconeogensis) and free fatty acids
- lypolysis is occuring at the sae time as glycogenolysis

muscle and many other tissues can use FA or etone bodies for energy`

36
Q

What are ketone bodies (keto acids)

A

released from the liver from the brekadown of faty acids

  • can be used as alternative fuel for some tissues during fasting
    converted to acetyl-CoA and used in the TCA cycl
37
Q

What is the difference between FA and ketone bodies

A

FA = non polar
ketone bodies = derived from FA but polar, soluble in blood

38
Q

What is the starved state

A

during continued fast, the body must change its ful metabolism

  • blood glucose is critical
  • taken from muscle –> muscle wasting
39
Q

What happens in starved state

A

muscle increases its use of FA as fuel
decreases it use of ketone bodies (build up in blood)

the brain = greater % of keton body for energy need –> decreases demand for glucose and gluconeogensis is slow

40
Q
A

Biochem (11 decks)

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