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Question 1

What does compartmentalization do

Answer 1

• helps control the relative concentration of molecules in different areas
• increases the probability that certain reactions will occur and helps maintain homeostasis

Question 2

What are the functions of water

Answer 2

• dissolves and transports molecules
• component of many chemical reactions
• helps dissipate heat and control body temperature

Question 3

Describe the nature of hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Answer 3

Hydrogen atoms have partial positive charge
Oxygen atoms have partial negative charge

Question 4

Describe the nature of electrons in an H-O bond

Answer 4

Electrons of the H-O bond are not shared equally, they spend more time near the oxygen nucleus (forming a polar covalent bond)

Question 5

Why is water a solvent

Answer 5

the polarity of water allows polar molecules to dissolve
(partial pos and partial neg atoms)

Question 6

What are hydration shells

Answer 6

water forming hydrogen bonds with polar compounds – surrounding ions

Question 7

TF hydrogen bonding cannot force non polar molecules together

Answer 7

False
Hydrogen bonding can be so strong that it forces non polar molecules together

Question 8

What are electrolytes

Answer 8

minerals – anions (Cl-, HCO3-, PO42-) and cations (K+, Na+)

Question 9

What is osmolality

Answer 9

concentration of al dissolved solutes in the blood (electrolytes, proteins, etc…)

Question 10

What is Kd

Answer 10

Dissociation constant
Measures how easily a molecule breaks apart on its own

Question 11

What does a higher Kd mean

Answer 11

larger Kd = more likely a molecule will be found separated

Question 12

What is pH

Answer 12

measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

how many hydrogen ions are in the solution

Question 13

What is the normal blood pH

Answer 13

7.35 to 7.45

Question 14

What are acids

Answer 14

molecules that can release an H+ to a solution

Question 15

What are bases

Answer 15

molecules that can accept an H+ from a solution

Question 16

What is the difference between strong acids and weak acids

Answer 16

Strong acids = much more electronegative and pull the electron completely away from hydrogen, causing it to leave

Weak acids = less electronegative and are less likely to completely dissociate

Question 17

What do weak acids dissociate into (HA)

Answer 17

H+ and the conjugate base (A-)

Question 18

What is Ka

Answer 18

equilibrium constant
ratio between the amount of product and amount of reactant
the tendency to dissociate

larger Ka –> greater tendency to dissociate

Question 19

What does pH=pKa mean

Answer 19

50% of the acid is dissociated

When buffer is most effective

Question 20

What does metabolism produce

Answer 20

large quantities of acid each day

Question 21

What are examples of buffering systems in the body to deal with metabolic acid

Answer 21

• dihydrogen phosphate-hydrogen phosphate system
• hemoglobin has aa that can accpet H+, other proteins in cells
• carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffering system

Question 22

What is carbonic anhydrase

Answer 22

enzyme produced by RBCs and kidney cells
convert some of the CO2 generated to this useful buffer

Question 23

What is metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
What are they caused by

Answer 23

Acidosis: caused by excess production of keto acids or lactic acids, or loss of bicarbonate which may happen with excessive diarrhea

Alkalosis: occurs from ingesting basic compounds (such as bleach) or retaining bicarbonate, or excessive vomiting

Question 24

What is respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

Answer 24

Acidosis: caused by conditions where the CO2 is retained
- the patient is unable to exhale it

Alkalosis: occurs with hyperventilation due to stress, drug overdoses and fever

Question 25

What are the suffixes for single, double bonds or when group is attached to another compound

Answer 25

single bonds - "ane" double bonds - "ene" group attached - "yl"

Question 26

What is another word for a compound with a straight chain

Answer 26

aliphatic "iso" prefix -- when a branch is formed in a straight chain compound

Question 27

What is another word for a compound with a cyclic

Answer 27

prefix "cyclo" benzene ring = 6-carbon compound - reffered to as aromatic - electrons are shared equally in these hydrocarbon structures -- non-polar and very reactive

Question 28

TF carbon and hydrogen share electrons equally

Answer 28

True form covalent bonds - very stable, great for making a strcuture, not so great for reacting with other compounds

Question 29

Which atoms form hydrogen bonds

Answer 29

SON -- makes them more reactive

Question 30

What does oxidation mean

Answer 30

loss of electrons (loss of H or gain of O)

Question 31

What does reduction mean

Answer 31

gain of electrons (gain of H or loss of O)

Question 32

How do you label molecules

Answer 32

based on what is most oxidized (1) then go right or left 23456 2 (alpha) 3 (beta) 4 (gamma)

Question 33

What are alcohols, ketones and aldehydes

Answer 33

alcohols: hydroxyl group bound to a molecule ketones: C=O bonds in the middle of a molecule aldehydes: C=O bonds at the end of a molecule

Question 34

What are common functional groups

Answer 34

phosphate sulphur

Question 35

What are esters and amides

Answer 35

ester amides formed through condensation reactions --> two molecules joining together and releasing water

Question 36

What is the general structure of carbs

Answer 36

CnH2nOn

Question 37

What are the properties of monosaccharides

Answer 37

have 3 or more carbon atoms - wit ha ketone or aldehyde group and hydroxyl groups

Question 38

What are fructose and glucose

Answer 38

fructose: ketose glucose: aldose

Question 39

how are sugars with a chiral centre designated What is a chiral centre

Answer 39

4 different groups attached to the carbon D- or L-

Question 40

What are D- and L- sugars

Answer 40

non-superimposable mirror images of each other named for whether the OH farthest from the carbonyl group is the same as D- or L- glyceraldehyde

Question 41

What type of sugar are most human tisseues

Answer 41

D- sugars

Question 42

What type of sugar are proteins composed of

Answer 42

L- amino acids

Question 43

What is most common form of monosaccharide in solution

Answer 43

ring structure

Question 44

Which molecules interact in a ring structure monosacharride How does it interact

Answer 44

carbonyl carbon (one with C=O bond) reacting with a hydroxyl group in the same molecule oxygen from the hydroxyl group becomes part of the 5 or 6C ring and the carbonyl carbon then has an OH group attached and is "anomeric" OH group on the anomeric carbon can react iwth an -OH or an -NH group on another molecule

Question 45

What bond is formed in ring structure monosaccharides

Answer 45

glycosidic bonds (alpha or beta)

Question 46

What are amino acids

Answer 46

molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group major building block of proteins L-amino acids are used in proteins in living organisms

Question 47

What are nucleic acids

Answer 47

nitrogen containing ring structures can readily form hydrogen bonds and accept or donate electrons as part of a ring form bases of DNA and RNA and energy storage

Question 48

What are fatty acids What are the different forms

Answer 48

make up lipids long chains of hydrogens and carbons with an acidic head can be saturated (max # of hydrogens) or unsaturated (contain one or more C=C bond) labeled like other carbon containing molecules -- starting with the most oxidized carbon can be trans or cis

Question 49

What do triglycerides consist of

Answer 49

glycerol + 3 fatty acids - fatty acids attached to glycerol are usually different - joined to glycerol through ester linkages and preference is shown for unsaturated fatty acids in position 2

Question 50

What is cholesterol

Answer 50

a lipid the precursor to steroid hormones in humans and is part of plasma membranes hydrophobic