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Pediatrics Shelf > 12: 10-month-old female with a cough > Flashcards

12: 10-month-old female with a cough Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 most common causes of wheezing in infants and toddlers?

A
  1. Viral bronchiolitis
  2. Asthma
  3. Foreign body
  4. GERD
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2
Q

Why is paradoxical breathing more commonly seen in infants and young children?

A

They have greater compliance of the chest wall

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3
Q

What is paradoxical breathing?

A

The force of contraction generated by the diaphragm exceeds the ability of the chest wall muscles to expand the rib cage

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4
Q

What is hyperpnea?

A

Increased depth of respiration

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5
Q

What is hypopnea?

A

Reduced tidal volume

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6
Q

Are retractions due to excessive negative pleural pressure?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Which muscles are used in head bobbing?

A

Neck strap muscles

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8
Q

What is the nature of an asthmatic cough?

A

Dry

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9
Q

What are the names of the 3 phases of pertussis?

A
  1. Cattarhal
  2. Paroxysmal
  3. Convalescent
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10
Q

What is the cattarhal stage of pertussis?

A

1-2 weeks of URI symptoms

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11
Q

What is the paroxysmal stage of pertussis?

A

4-6 weeks of the whooping cough

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12
Q

What is the convalescent stage of pertussis?

A

Episodic coughing for months

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13
Q

How effective is the pertussis vaccine?

A

70-90%

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14
Q

Which bacteria is almost always in epiglottitis?

A

Hib

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15
Q

What age range is mostly affected by epiglottitis?

A

Age 2-5

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16
Q

What diagnosis should be considered in a child with fever, stridor, dysphonia, dysphagia, respiratory distress, and sitting leaning forward, with neck hyperextended and chin protruding?

A

Epiglottitis

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17
Q

Which immunizable disease has a characteristic gray pseudomembrane in the pharynx?

A

Diptheria

18
Q

Which disorder is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into the airway mucosa, mucus hypersecretion, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction?

A

Asthma

19
Q

What are CXR findings in asthma?

A

Hyperinflation due to air trapping, patchy atelectasis

20
Q

What is the best treatment for an acute asthma exacerbation?

A

Corticosteroids + B-2 agonist (alBu2erol)

21
Q

What is the best maintenance therapy for asthma with frequent symptoms?

A

Inhaled corticosteroid as daily controller + B2 agonist for breakthrough symptoms

22
Q

What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis?

A

RSV

23
Q

Where in the respiratory tract does bronchiolitis occur?

A

Lower respiratory tract

24
Q

What are the CXR findings of bronchiolitis?

A

Hyperinflation, scattered atelectasis, similar to asthma

25
Q

What part of the lung is affected by pneumonia?

A

The parenchyma

26
Q

What are the 4 most common viral causes of pneumonia in children?

A
  1. Adenovirus
  2. RSV
  3. Parainfluenza
  4. Influenza
27
Q

Are viral or bacterial pneumonias more common in kids?

A

Viral

28
Q

Are viral or bacterial pneumonias more severe in kids?

A

Bacterial

29
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in kids age 0-6?

A

S. pneumoniae

30
Q

What bacteria is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in school-aged kids and older children?

A

M. pneumoniae

31
Q

Which 3 bacteria may be the cause of neonatal pneumonia?

A
  1. GBS
  2. E. coli
  3. Klebsiella
32
Q

Which type of pneumonia presents with a staccato cough between age 4-12 weeks?

A

C. pneumonia

“staCcato”

33
Q

What’s the difference between viral vs. bacterial pneumonia on CXR?

A

Viral: diffuse/patchy interstitial infiltrates, hyperinflation, and small pleural effusions

Bacterial: airspace disease with lobar or segmental consolidation and air bronchograms

34
Q

What’s the difference between viral vs. bacterial pneumonia in lab results?

A

Viral: Peripheral WBC counts tend to be normal or only slightly elevated

Bacterial: Peripheral WBC counts elevated w/ neutrophilic predominance

35
Q

What is a disease which starts with cold-like symptoms that progress to inspiratory stridor and a “seal like cough,” a “steeple sign” on CXR, and most commonly presents in kids around age 2 years old?

A

Croup

36
Q

What causes stridor?

A

Airway narrowing above the thoracic inlet

37
Q

What causes wheezing?

A

Airway narrowing below the thoracic inlet

38
Q

What causes Rhonchi?

A

Secretions and narrowing of airways

39
Q

What causes crackles?

A

Fluid in alveoli or opening and closing of stiff alveoli

40
Q

What causes bronchial breath sounds?

A

Air moving through areas of consolidated lung

41
Q

When does stranger danger occur?

A

9 months

Pediatrics Shelf (24 decks)

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