11.Human Cloning and Surrogacy

Question 1

How can human clones be developed?

Answer 1

Human clones can be developed using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology (SCNT).

Question 2

Why is human cloning banned worldwide?

Answer 2

Human cloning is banned worldwide due to socio-ethical issues.

Question 3

What are the concerns related to clones’ relationship and family rights?

Answer 3

Clones’ relationship and family rights may be disputed.

Question 4

How might human cloning increase single parenthood?

Answer 4

Human cloning may increase single parenthood as clones may adopt kids at some point, weakening the importance of the traditional family structure.

Question 5

What are the potential misuses of human clones?

Answer 5

Human clones can be misused for organ harvesting, used as front-line human shields in the defense sector, and potentially in global terrorism.

Question 6

What issues may arise regarding human rights and citizen rights?

Answer 6

Human cloning raises issues related to human rights and citizen rights.

Question 7

How might society and family view clones?

Answer 7

Society and family may view clones as second-grade citizens.

Question 8

What is surrogacy?

Answer 8

Surrogacy is a medical service where an embryo created using a couple’s sperm and ovum is implanted into the uterus and womb of another woman (the surrogate) for development.

Question 9

What is the purpose of surrogacy?

Answer 9

The purpose of surrogacy is to provide nutrition and development to the embryo by another female.

Question 10

What does surrogacy come under?

Answer 10

Surrogacy comes under Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).

Question 11

How does the process of surrogacy begin?

Answer 11

The process starts by fusing sperm from the male and ovum from the female to form a zygote.

Question 12

What happens after the zygote is formed?

Answer 12

The zygote develops into an embryo in laboratory conditions.

Question 13

Where is the embryo transferred?

Answer 13

The embryo is transferred to the uterus of the surrogate mother, where pregnancy begins.

Question 14

How long does the pregnancy last in surrogacy?

Answer 14

The pregnancy lasts for approximately 9 months.

Question 15

Who gives birth to the baby in surrogacy?

Answer 15

The surrogate mother gives birth to the baby.

Question 16

What is altruistic surrogacy?

Answer 16

Altruistic surrogacy is a type of surrogacy where the surrogate mother provides assistance without receiving any monetary benefits.

Question 17

What is commercial surrogacy?

Answer 17

Commercial surrogacy is a paid surrogacy arrangement where the surrogate mother agrees to carry a pregnancy in exchange for monetary compensation.

Question 18

When did commercial surrogacy start in India?

Answer 18

Commercial surrogacy started in India in 2002 under the guidelines of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).

Question 19

Why did India become a global hub for commercial surrogacy?

Answer 19

India became a global hub for commercial surrogacy due to factors such as the absence of specific laws and regulations, the availability of good medical services, a large pool of potential surrogate mothers due to unemployment and poverty, and lower costs compared to other countries.

Question 20

What are the issues related to commercial surrogacy in India?

Answer 20

The problems associated with commercial surrogacy in India include the exploitation of surrogate females, breach of privacy and dignity, and issues concerning the custody and citizenship of surrogate babies.

Question 21

What was the significance of the Baby Manji Yamada case in India?

Answer 21

The Baby Manji Yamada case, involving a Japanese couple who divorced while the surrogate mother was pregnant, highlighted the need for surrogacy regulation laws in India. It was the first case where a decision linked to surrogacy was made by the Apex Court, emphasizing the importance of developing proper regulations.

Question 22

What is the purpose of the Indian Surrogacy Act 2021?

Answer 22

The Indian Surrogacy Act 2021 aims to address surrogacy-related issues and regulate surrogacy practices in India.

Question 23

What type of surrogacy is allowed under the Act?

Answer 23

Only altruistic surrogacy is allowed under the Indian Surrogacy Act 2021, while commercial surrogacy is completely banned.

Question 24

Who can provide altruistic surrogacy?

Answer 24

Altruistic surrogacy can be provided by close relatives of the couple who are between 25 and 35 years of age, married, and have at least one child.

Question 25

How many times can a surrogate mother provide surrogacy services?

Answer 25

A surrogate mother can provide surrogacy services only once in her lifetime.

Question 26

Who can avail altruistic surrogacy in India?

Answer 26

Heterosexual married Indian couples who have been married for at least five years and do not have any children are eligible for altruistic surrogacy.

Question 27

Who is not allowed to avail surrogacy?

Answer 27

Homosexual couples, unmarried and live-in couples, non-Indian individuals, and single parents (except widow and divorcee females) are not allowed to avail surrogacy services.

Question 28

Who is responsible for the regulation and control of surrogacy in India?

Answer 28

The National Surrogacy Regulation Board and State Surrogacy Regulation Board are responsible for regulating and controlling surrogacy in India.

Question 29

What are the consequences of violating the surrogacy law?

Answer 29

Violating the surrogacy law can result in a punishment of up to 10 years of imprisonment and a penalty of up to Rs 10 lakh.

Question 30

Which celebrities have previously used surrogacy to have children?

Answer 30

Medically fit individuals such as Shah Rukh Khan, Aamir Khan, Tusshar Kapoor, and Karan Johar have used surrogacy to have their children in the past.