11.Human Cloning and Surrogacy Flashcards
How can human clones be developed?
Human clones can be developed using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Technology (SCNT).
Why is human cloning banned worldwide?
Human cloning is banned worldwide due to socio-ethical issues.
What are the concerns related to clones’ relationship and family rights?
Clones’ relationship and family rights may be disputed.
How might human cloning increase single parenthood?
Human cloning may increase single parenthood as clones may adopt kids at some point, weakening the importance of the traditional family structure.
What are the potential misuses of human clones?
Human clones can be misused for organ harvesting, used as front-line human shields in the defense sector, and potentially in global terrorism.
What issues may arise regarding human rights and citizen rights?
Human cloning raises issues related to human rights and citizen rights.
How might society and family view clones?
Society and family may view clones as second-grade citizens.
What is surrogacy?
Surrogacy is a medical service where an embryo created using a couple’s sperm and ovum is implanted into the uterus and womb of another woman (the surrogate) for development.
What is the purpose of surrogacy?
The purpose of surrogacy is to provide nutrition and development to the embryo by another female.
What does surrogacy come under?
Surrogacy comes under Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).
How does the process of surrogacy begin?
The process starts by fusing sperm from the male and ovum from the female to form a zygote.
What happens after the zygote is formed?
The zygote develops into an embryo in laboratory conditions.
Where is the embryo transferred?
The embryo is transferred to the uterus of the surrogate mother, where pregnancy begins.
How long does the pregnancy last in surrogacy?
The pregnancy lasts for approximately 9 months.
Who gives birth to the baby in surrogacy?
The surrogate mother gives birth to the baby.
What is altruistic surrogacy?
Altruistic surrogacy is a type of surrogacy where the surrogate mother provides assistance without receiving any monetary benefits.
What is commercial surrogacy?
Commercial surrogacy is a paid surrogacy arrangement where the surrogate mother agrees to carry a pregnancy in exchange for monetary compensation.
When did commercial surrogacy start in India?
Commercial surrogacy started in India in 2002 under the guidelines of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
Why did India become a global hub for commercial surrogacy?
India became a global hub for commercial surrogacy due to factors such as the absence of specific laws and regulations, the availability of good medical services, a large pool of potential surrogate mothers due to unemployment and poverty, and lower costs compared to other countries.
What are the issues related to commercial surrogacy in India?
The problems associated with commercial surrogacy in India include the exploitation of surrogate females, breach of privacy and dignity, and issues concerning the custody and citizenship of surrogate babies.
What was the significance of the Baby Manji Yamada case in India?
The Baby Manji Yamada case, involving a Japanese couple who divorced while the surrogate mother was pregnant, highlighted the need for surrogacy regulation laws in India. It was the first case where a decision linked to surrogacy was made by the Apex Court, emphasizing the importance of developing proper regulations.
What is the purpose of the Indian Surrogacy Act 2021?
The Indian Surrogacy Act 2021 aims to address surrogacy-related issues and regulate surrogacy practices in India.
What type of surrogacy is allowed under the Act?
Only altruistic surrogacy is allowed under the Indian Surrogacy Act 2021, while commercial surrogacy is completely banned.
Who can provide altruistic surrogacy?
Altruistic surrogacy can be provided by close relatives of the couple who are between 25 and 35 years of age, married, and have at least one child.
