10.Stem Cell and Cloning (Part-3)

Question 1

What is cloning?

Answer 1

Cloning is a process of making a genetic copy of an organism or biological structure by an asexual method.

Question 2

What can be cloned through asexual production?

Answer 2

A carbon copy of any type, such as an organ, tissue, gene, or organism, can be made through asexual production.

Question 3

How many types of production are there in cloning?

Answer 3

There are two types of production: asexual and sexual reproduction.

Question 4

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction in cloning?

Answer 4

In asexual reproduction, sperm and ovum are required, while in sexual reproduction, there is no need for sperm and ovum.

Question 5

What is a clone?

Answer 5

A clone is a genetic copy of an organism or biological structure where all physical, biological, and genetic characters are the same as the single parent.

Question 6

What is the difference between clone and cloning?

Answer 6

Clone refers to the organism created, while cloning refers to the process of creating a clone.

Question 7

What are the types of cloning?

Answer 7

The types of cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.

Question 8

What is therapeutic cloning used for?

Answer 8

Therapeutic cloning is done for medical or treatment purposes, such as gene cloning for the production of insulin and tissue and organ cloning using stem cells.

Question 9

What is reproductive cloning?

Answer 9

Reproductive cloning refers to cloning an entire organism.

Question 10

Who developed the first animal clone named Dolly sheep?

Answer 10

Ion Wilmut of Scotland developed the first animal clone, Dolly sheep, in 1996.

Question 11

What technology was used to create Dolly sheep?

Answer 11

Dolly sheep was developed using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) technology.

Question 12

Which technology is popular for developing clones of adult organisms?

Answer 12

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) is the most popular technology for the development of clones of adult organisms.

Question 13

What is the process of Dolly clone birth?

Answer 13

The process involves taking a somatic cell from the mother sheep and an egg from an egg donor sheep, transferring the nucleus of the somatic cell to the empty egg, creating a reconstituted egg, transferring it to a surrogate mother sheep, and allowing embryonic development to result in the birth of the Dolly clone.

Question 14

How many female sheep were involved in the process of Dolly clone birth?

Answer 14

Three female sheep were involved: the mother sheep, the egg donor sheep, and the surrogate mother sheep.

Question 15

Who is the scientist credited with the successful cloning of Dolly?

Answer 15

The scientist credited with the successful cloning of Dolly is Ian Wilmut of Scotland.

Question 16

How many attempts did it take for Ian Wilmut to succeed in cloning Dolly?

Answer 16

It took 277 attempts for Ian Wilmut to succeed in cloning Dolly.

Question 17

Is Dolly clone a male or female sheep?

Answer 17

Dolly clone is a female sheep.

Question 18

What is the difference between somatic cells in males and females?

Answer 18

In females, there are somatic cells and eggs, while in males, there are only somatic cells and no eggs.

Question 19

What is a reconstituted egg?

Answer 19

A reconstituted egg is an egg that has had its nucleus replaced with the nucleus of a somatic cell.

Question 20

Where is the reconstituted egg transferred during the cloning process?

Answer 20

The reconstituted egg is transferred to the embryo of a surrogate female in a laboratory setting.

Question 21

What happens after the transfer of the reconstituted egg to the surrogate mother?

Answer 21

The surrogate mother starts pregnancy, and embryonic development takes place, leading to the birth of the Dolly clone.

Question 22

When did cloning programs start in India?

Answer 22

Cloning programs started in India in 2009.

Question 23

Which institute in India started cloning in 2007?

Answer 23

The National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) in Karnal, Haryana, started cloning in 2007.

Question 24

What was the name of the world’s first buffalo clone developed by NDRI?

Answer 24

The world’s first buffalo clone developed by NDRI was named GARIMA.

Question 25

What is the name of the Pashmina goat clone developed by NDRI in association with Sher-e-Kashmir University?

Answer 25

The Pashmina goat clone developed by NDRI and Sher-e-Kashmir University was named NOORIE.

Question 26

What is the name of the critically endangered wild buffalo clone developed by NDRI in Chhattisgarh?

Answer 26

The critically endangered wild buffalo clone developed by NDRI in Chhattisgarh was named DEEPASHA.

Question 27

What are the names of the two buffalo clones developed by NDRI in 2015?

Answer 27

The two buffalo clones developed by NDRI in 2015 were named APURVA and SWAROOPA.

Question 28

What is the purpose of developing a male buffalo clone at NDRI?

Answer 28

The male buffalo clone was developed at NDRI to increase sperm production for artificial insemination programs in India.

Question 29

What is the name of the high-yield variety (HYV) breed buffalo clone developed by NDRI in 2020?

Answer 29

The high-yield variety (HYV) breed buffalo clone developed by NDRI in 2020 is named Tejas.

Question 30

What is the main goal behind developing the Tejas buffalo clone?

Answer 30

The main goal behind developing the Tejas buffalo clone is to increase sperm production and improve breeding programs.

Question 31

What are the purposes of cloning in India?

Answer 31

The purposes of cloning in India are to increase milk production, increase the production of commercially valuable items like Pashmina, and save species from extinction.

Question 32

Why is there a need to increase milk production in India?

Answer 32

India has the maximum number of cattle in the world and is the biggest producer and consumer of milk. However, there is still a deficiency in milk production, so there is a need to increase the milk production capacity of the country.

Question 33

According to the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), how much does milk production need to be increased annually to meet the demand?

Answer 33

According to NDDB, one crore ton (10 million tons) of milk production needs to be increased every year to meet the demand.

Question 34

What is the success rate of cloning, and why is it considered an issue?

Answer 34

The success rate of cloning is low, only 10%. It is considered an issue because of doubts regarding the economic viability of cloning.

Question 35

What is the concern related to the genetic age (DNA age) of clones?

Answer 35

Many scientists believe that the genetic age of a clone is equal to the age of the parent organism at the time of the clone’s birth. This old DNA may bring defects and diseases at an early stage of life, similar to those experienced in old age.

Question 36

What were the causes of death for Dolly sheep and Garima?

Answer 36

Dolly sheep died due to arthritis only two years after cloning, while Garima died due to a heart attack. These deaths were attributed to the genetic age of the clones.