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Nervous System and Integument > 1.1Brain Circulation, Meninges and C.S.F > Flashcards

1.1Brain Circulation, Meninges and C.S.F Flashcards

1
Q

Where is blood circulated?

A

From the heart –> head –> will be supplied by various vessels both to the
- Structure of the head
- Brain

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2
Q

which carotids​ supply the brain, main blood supply?

A

internal carotids

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3
Q

which carotids​ supply structure in the head

A

external carotids

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4
Q

Is a main blood vessel, comes from the right subclavian artery?

A

common carotids

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5
Q

Important for measuring levels of oxygen and​, controlling pressure to the ​brain.

A

carotid body and sinus

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6
Q

whats another name for the Cerebral arterial circle (CAC)?

A

Circle of Willis

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7
Q

CAC:

A

blood arrives here before distributed to the brain, supplies​ form the central region

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8
Q

Can the internal caratoid arteries be seen?

A

No, but the stumps of cartoid arteries can be seem

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9
Q

What is the basiler artery responsible for?

A

It brings blood to the CAC

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10
Q

What does a cow not have?

A

internal carotid

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11
Q

What is the basilar artery responsible for?

A

It brings blood to the CAC

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12
Q

Vertebral artery:

A
  • runs of either side of the artery
  • contribute to CAC
  • in cased in vertebrae​
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13
Q

What is the figure highlighted?

A

Basilar artery

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14
Q

What animals do NOT have an internal carotid artery?

A

cats and ruminants

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15
Q

In the dog, man, and horse what ​supplies the circle of Willis​ and most parts of the brain

A
  • Internal Carotid
  • Basilar Artery
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16
Q

In dogs, man, and horse what artery supplies the rest of the brai​n?

A

verterbral artery

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17
Q

In sheep and cat what artery supplies the CAC and has rete mirabile?

A

maxillary artery

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18
Q

what is the rete mirabile?

A

arrangement of capillaries before blood vessel joins main blood supply

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19
Q

In sheep and cat what artery supplies the medulla oblongata (hindbrain)

A

vertebral artery

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20
Q

In sheep and cat what does the basilar do differently?

A

drains away from CAC

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21
Q

In the cow what does the basilar do differently?

A

drains away

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22
Q

In the cow what artery supplies the CAC?

A

maxillary and vertebral

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23
Q

Why cant you slice a cows neck with a knife?

A

because the vertebral will continue to supply the CAC and cow will still be conscious

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24
Q

What do the veins in the brain NOT have and why?

A

They dont have valves, this allows for complete flow without hinderance

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25
Q

Venous drainage of the brain:

A
  1. cerebral veins lack valves
  2. drain to venous sinuses of dura mater
26
Q

brain circulation volume:

A

20% cardiac output goes to the brain because need for high oxygen and nutrinets

Anything less than 20% = supply

27
Q

autoregulation:

A

mechanism uncertain

28
Q

sympathetic regulation:

A

restricted –> little activity for blood vessels in brain

29
Q

Where are anasetics i​njected?

A

always in the epidural never below the dura mater.

30
Q

What are the 3 layers around the brain?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia Mater
31
Q

dura mater:

A

outer / toughest layer

32
Q

arachnoid mater:

A

middle layer

33
Q

Pia mater:

A

inner layer, visable, forms inner surface of brain

34
Q

What is between the dura mater and archnoid ​mater?

A

Subdural space

35
Q

what is between the Arachnoid mater and pia mater?

A

subarachnoid space

36
Q

vertebral bone:

A

considerable epidural space around cord, unlike the brain

completely separate, doesn’t adhere to the ​vertebral column

37
Q

Where does the epidural space lie?

A

between​ the periosteum and dura in vertebral canal

38
Q

what does the epidural space contain?

A

loose connective tissue, veins, lymphatics

39
Q

What does the epidural space contribute to the cord?

A

It cushions the cord as it flexes

40
Q

What can the epidural space be used for?

A

nerve blocks:
- epidural injected on top of dura mater so it spreads slowly into the tissue area

**If spread fast would cause shock

41
Q

Falx cerebri:

A

midline fold between cerebral hemispheres

42
Q

Tentorium cerebelli:

A

oblique transverse fold between cerebrum and cerebellum

43
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

forms a collar around the neck of the pituitary so forms the roof of the hypophyseal​ fossa

44
Q

Where does the subdural space lie between?

A

between the dura and arachnoid matter

45
Q

Subdural space =

A
  • potential space containing only lymph-like fluid
  • site of subdural haematomata
46
Q

When one gets a concussion where would the blood be found?

A

in the subdural space

47
Q

What forms the falx?

A

The dura mater increases in between to form falx

48
Q

subsarachnoid space:

A
  • between the arachnoid and pia
  • Contains CSF leaking from ventricular system
49
Q

What the largest parts of the subarchnoid space?

A

Cisterns:
1. cerebellomedullary cistern
2. Lumbar cistern

50
Q

cerebellomedullary cistern

A

found around foramen magnum, used in the collection of CSF

51
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

used for lumbar puncture/collection of CSF

52
Q

Pia mater characteristics:

A

highly vascular connective tissue, very closely applied to brain tissue

53
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

in all ventricles (especially the 4th) by choroid plexuses

54
Q

What is CSF?

A
  • Ultrafiltrate​ + some modification by ependymal cells lining ventricles
  • clear & colorless - very few cellsin normal CSF
  • osmolarity = plasma
55
Q

whta is the CSF fluid volume in a dog?

A

25ml

56
Q

Where can CSF pressure be elevated?

A

in meningitis, tumours

57
Q

bloody and cellular CSF indicate?

A

injury

58
Q

The blood-brain barrier:

A
  • CNS capillary endothelium joined by tight junctions - all fluid must pass through cells (NOT hypothalmus)
    -Also basal lamian covered by proceses of astrocytes
59
Q

blood-brain barrier in summary:

A

tightly controlled, won’t expand suddenly, locate din brain tissue NOT outside

60
Q

The blood-CSF barrier:

A

ependymal epithelium joined by tight junctions in choroid plexi - all fluid must pass through cells

Nervous System and Integument (8 decks)

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