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Nervous System and Integument > 1.1Brain Circulation, Meninges and C.S.F > Flashcards

1.1Brain Circulation, Meninges and C.S.F Flashcards

1
Q

Where is blood circulated?

A

From the heart –> head –> will be supplied by various vessels both to the
- Structure of the head
- Brain

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2
Q

which carotids​ supply the brain, main blood supply?

A

internal carotids

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3
Q

which carotids​ supply structure in the head

A

external carotids

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4
Q

Is a main blood vessel, comes from the right subclavian artery?

A

common carotids

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5
Q

Important for measuring levels of oxygen and​, controlling pressure to the ​brain.

A

carotid body and sinus

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6
Q

whats another name for the Cerebral arterial circle (CAC)?

A

Circle of Willis

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7
Q

CAC:

A

blood arrives here before distributed to the brain, supplies​ form the central region

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8
Q

Can the internal caratoid arteries be seen?

A

No, but the stumps of cartoid arteries can be seem

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9
Q

What is the basiler artery responsible for?

A

It brings blood to the CAC

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10
Q

What does a cow not have?

A

internal carotid

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11
Q

What is the basilar artery responsible for?

A

It brings blood to the CAC

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12
Q

Vertebral artery:

A
  • runs of either side of the artery
  • contribute to CAC
  • in cased in vertebrae​
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13
Q

What is the figure highlighted?

A

Basilar artery

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14
Q

What animals do NOT have an internal carotid artery?

A

cats and ruminants

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15
Q

In the dog, man, and horse what ​supplies the circle of Willis​ and most parts of the brain

A
  • Internal Carotid
  • Basilar Artery
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16
Q

In dogs, man, and horse what artery supplies the rest of the brai​n?

A

verterbral artery

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17
Q

In sheep and cat what artery supplies the CAC and has rete mirabile?

A

maxillary artery

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18
Q

what is the rete mirabile?

A

arrangement of capillaries before blood vessel joins main blood supply

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19
Q

In sheep and cat what artery supplies the medulla oblongata (hindbrain)

A

vertebral artery

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20
Q

In sheep and cat what does the basilar do differently?

A

drains away from CAC

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21
Q

In the cow what does the basilar do differently?

A

drains away

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22
Q

In the cow what artery supplies the CAC?

A

maxillary and vertebral

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23
Q

Why cant you slice a cows neck with a knife?

A

because the vertebral will continue to supply the CAC and cow will still be conscious

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24
Q

What do the veins in the brain NOT have and why?

A

They dont have valves, this allows for complete flow without hinderance

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25
Venous drainage of the brain:
1. cerebral veins lack valves 2. drain to venous sinuses of dura mater
26
brain circulation volume:
20% cardiac output goes to the brain because need for high oxygen and nutrinets Anything less than 20% = supply
27
autoregulation:
mechanism uncertain
28
sympathetic regulation:
restricted --> little activity for blood vessels in brain
29
Where are anasetics i​njected?
always in the epidural never below the dura mater.
30
What are the 3 layers around the brain?
1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia Mater
31
dura mater:
outer / toughest layer
32
arachnoid mater:
middle layer
33
Pia mater:
inner layer, visable, forms inner surface of brain
34
What is between the dura mater and archnoid ​mater?
Subdural space
35
what is between the Arachnoid mater and pia mater?
subarachnoid space
36
vertebral bone:
considerable epidural space around cord, unlike the brain completely separate, doesn't adhere to the ​vertebral column
37
Where does the epidural space lie?
between​ the periosteum and dura in vertebral canal
38
what does the epidural space contain?
loose connective tissue, veins, lymphatics
39
What does the epidural space contribute to the cord?
It cushions the cord as it flexes
40
What can the epidural space be used for?
nerve blocks: - epidural injected on top of dura mater so it spreads slowly into the tissue area **If spread fast would cause shock
41
Falx cerebri:
midline fold between cerebral hemispheres
42
Tentorium cerebelli:
oblique transverse fold between cerebrum and cerebellum
43
Diaphragma sellae
forms a collar around the neck of the pituitary so forms the roof of the hypophyseal​ fossa
44
Where does the subdural space lie between?
between the dura and arachnoid matter
45
Subdural space =
- potential space containing only lymph-like fluid - site of subdural haematomata
46
When one gets a concussion where would the blood be found?
in the subdural space
47
What forms the falx?
The dura mater increases in between to form falx
48
subsarachnoid space:
- between the arachnoid and pia - Contains CSF leaking from ventricular system
49
What the largest parts of the subarchnoid space?
Cisterns: 1. cerebellomedullary cistern 2. Lumbar cistern
50
cerebellomedullary cistern
found around foramen magnum, used in the collection of CSF
51
Lumbar cistern
used for lumbar puncture/collection of CSF
52
Pia mater characteristics:
highly vascular connective tissue, very closely applied to brain tissue
53
Where is CSF produced?
in all ventricles (especially the 4th) by choroid plexuses
54
What is CSF?
- Ultrafiltrate​ + some modification by ependymal cells lining ventricles - clear & colorless - very few cellsin normal CSF - osmolarity = plasma
55
whta is the CSF fluid volume in a dog?
25ml
56
Where can CSF pressure be elevated?
in meningitis, tumours
57
bloody and cellular CSF indicate?
injury
58
The blood-brain barrier:
- CNS capillary endothelium joined by tight junctions - all fluid must pass through cells (NOT hypothalmus) -Also basal lamian covered by proceses of astrocytes
59
blood-brain barrier in summary:
tightly controlled, won't expand suddenly, locate din brain tissue NOT outside
60
The blood-CSF barrier:
ependymal epithelium joined by tight junctions in choroid plexi - all fluid must pass through cells

Nervous System and Integument (8 decks)

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