11.7

Question 0

In the past the PPP has focused on the costs of cleaning up

Answer 0

After a pollution incident

Question 1

The Polluter Pays Principle states that the polluter pays for the

Answer 1

Direct and indirect environmental consequences of their actions

Question 2

In recent years, the PPP focus has shifted towards

Answer 2

Avoiding pollution
Minimising waste
Managing resources sustainably

Question 3

Under the legally binding EU liability directive, the polluter pays to prevent and remedy environmental damage. It means that all businesses operating in the EU must:

Answer 3

Make sure that they have procedures in place to prevent environmental damage

Make sure that their company is able to cover the cost of cleaning up and returning a polluted environment to its original state if they do cause damage to it

Question 4

Large landfill sites have numerous

Answer 4

Environmental impacts

Question 5

Landfills use large areas of land, represent a source of visual pollution and may cause contamination of groundwater, residual soil contamination after landfill closure and the release of

Answer 5

Methane gas from decaying organic waste

Question 6

(Landfills) the organisations responsible for running the sites have to put measure in place to control the amount of

Answer 6

Contamination

BUT pollution of the local environment may still occur

Question 7

(Landfills) faced with a rapidly growing waste disposal problem, the UK government introduced a landfill tax whose 2 aims are:

Answer 7

To promote the ‘polluter pays’ principle, by increasing the price of landfill to better reflect its environmental costs

To promote a more sustainable approach to waste management in which less waste is produced and more is recovered/recycled

Question 8

Landfill tax is an environmental tax paid on top of

Answer 8

Normal landfill rates by any company, local authority or other organisation that wishes to dispose of waste in landfill

Question 9

Landfill gas is produced when micro organisms in a landfill site break down

Answer 9

Biodegradable waste, such as food waste and paper

Question 10

In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic bacteria produce

Answer 10

Methane gas

Question 11

(Methane) in the past, it was simply ‘flared off’ (burnt) to produce carbon dioxide - this

Answer 11

Reduced the risk of explosions

Prevented the release of a has about 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas

Question 12

However, landfill has is now recognised as a

Answer 12

Valuable fuel source and increasingly landfill has is being used to generate heat or electricity

Question 13

Methane is collected through a series of wells and pipes constructed within the waste, and is used to produce

Answer 13

electricity
combined heat and power
heat only