115-200

Question 1

Kinases

Answer 1

Kinases transfer phosphoryl groups.

Question 2

Replication

Answer 2

Most prokaryote have a circular DNA and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome.

Eukaryotes often have a multiple origins of replication on each linear chromosome.

Question 3

A homologous chromosomal pair failed to separate during meiosis I of anaphase. The resulting cells would be

Answer 3

If homologous chromosomes fail to separate at meiosis I of anaphase, the four resulting gametes will be

n-1,n-1,n+1,and n+1.

If failure was at anaphase II we would get n+1, n-1,n,n

Question 4

IgG

IgM

IgA

IgE

IgD

Answer 4

IgG: Most abundant circulating antibody.

IgM: First antibody to appear in response to an antigen

IgA: Found in saliva, sweat and tears and prevents viral and bacterial attachment to epithelial surface.

IgE: involved in allergic reaction

IgD: involved in the differentiation of B cells into memory and plasma.

Question 5

The Keystone Species

Answer 5

The Keystone Species allows for specie maintenance. The density of strong competitors is reduced, such that competitive exclusion of other species doe snot occur.

Question 6

Homeotic genes

Answer 6

Homeotic genes are involved in building organs and body parts. (anatomical parts)

Question 7

Coevulotion

Answer 7

Coevulotion occurs to allow two species to have a better chance of survival.This is a symbiotic mutualism.

Question 8

Hemoglobin

Answer 8

• Contains more than one binding site.
• It is allosteric.
• It can bind O₂, CO₂, CO and H⁺.
• Hemoglobin binds CO much tighter than O2.

Question 9

Hypoxia

Answer 9

is a diminished availability of oxygen in tissues.

Question 10

Calmodulin

Answer 10

Calmodulin is an intracellular protein to which Ca^++​ binds.

Question 11

Anemia

Answer 11

A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

Question 12

Anoxia

Answer 12

an absense or severe deficiency of oxygen reaching tissues.

Question 13

Apnea

Answer 13

a temporary absence of breathing

Question 14

Hypoxemia

Answer 14

A deficiency in the oxygenation of the blood

Question 15

Dyspnea

Answer 15

difficulty in breathing

Question 16

Gibberellins

Answer 16

Gibberellins are plants hormones that may induce certain plants to flower as well as allow stem elongation.

Question 17

Ethylene

Answer 17

Ethylene stimulates fruit ripening

Question 18

Abscisic Acid

Answer 18

Abscisic Acid is an inhibitor of plant growth hormones.

Question 19

Cytokinins

Answer 19

Cytokinins are plant hormones involved with promoting cell division.

Question 20

Collagen

and

Centrioles

and

Peroxisomes

Answer 20

Collagen consists of a triple helix.

Centrioles are found only in animal cells and are invovled in cell division.

Peroxisomes: Convert hydrogen peroxide into H₂0 and 0₂

Question 21

Prokaryote

Answer 21

reproduce by binary fission( asexual).

Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) are prokaryotes from the kingdom monera

Question 22

Peripheral proteins

&

Integral proteins

Answer 22

Peripheral proteins polar head can be removed by salt.

Detergent and organic solvent can be used to remove Integral proteins.

Question 23

Birth control pill

Answer 23

Birth control pill are designed to deceive the body into thinking that a pregnancy has occured. They are very similar to estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone decreases FSH and LH

Question 24

Fibroblasts

Answer 24

• is the least specialized in the connective- tissue family.
• collagen, extracellular mayrix synthesis.
• they are derived from mesenchyme.
• Fibroblast are able to differentiate into other cells.

Question 25

An animal chimera

Answer 25

An animal chimera is a single organism that is composed of two or more different populations of genetically distinct cells that originated from different zygotes involved in sexual reproduction. If the different cells have emerged from the same zygote, the organism is called a mosaic.

Question 26

Fungi part 1

Answer 26

* Are eukaryotic heterotrophs. * They secrete digestive enzymes and then absorb the soluble products of digestion. * Composed of filaments called hyphae; collectively the hypae are called mycelium.

Question 27

Fungi part 2

Answer 27

* can reproduce sexually or asexually. * Haploid state predominates, but they do alternate between haploid and and diploid stages. * Saprophytic, they break down the remains of living organisms that have died. * Immotile and have cell walls. * more similar to human cells than bacterial cells.

Question 28

Coagulase

Answer 28

is an enzyme produced by staphylococcus bacteria that allows blood to clot. It allows for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin .

Question 29

These are cells of the stomach Chief cells Parietal cells G-cells Mucous cells

Answer 29

**Chief cells:** secrete pepsinogen. **Parietal cells:** secrete HCL, (intrinsic factor, B-12 absorption) **G-cells:** secrete the hormone gastrin which stimulates HCL production of parietal cells. **Mucous cells:** Secrete mucous that lubricates the stomach and protects the stomach from HCL produced .

Question 30

Arthropods

Answer 30

make up the largest animal phylum. Spiders, insects, crabs, lobsters are here. They have jointed legs, exoskeletons, open circulatory systems, bilateral symmetry. Insects have a head, thoraz and abdomen. The spiracles and tracheal tubes comprise their respiratory system.

Question 31

Annelids

Answer 31

have a true coeloms(body cavity), closed circulatory system, and includes the earthworm. Nephrida (excretory structures) and ganglia (cluster of nerve cell bodies) are present .

Question 32

Ectoderm

Answer 32

hair, eyes, teeth, skin, nervous system, lens of the eye

Question 33

Endoderm

Answer 33

Lining of bladder, digestive and respiratory tracts, liver, pancreas, gall bladder.

Question 34

Mesoderm

Answer 34

Skeleton, muscles, gonads, kidney and circulatory system.

Question 35

Xylem

Answer 35

Xylem contains two types of cells: tracheids and vessel members. Xylem conducts water water and dissolved mineral absorbed from the soil, and mechanically supports the plant. The yearly xylem deposits make up the animal growth rings used to record the age of a plant.

Question 36

Phloem

Answer 36

is another vascular tissue consisting of sieve tubes through which sugars and other solutes are conducted.

Question 37

Nitrogen Fixation occurs in which structure?

Answer 37

Root nodule

Question 38

VIRUS

Answer 38

They can contain DNA or RNA, but never both. They are obligate intracellular parasites. They are unable to reproduce outside a living cell. The capsid of the virus may be spherical or rod-like. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme seen in retroviruses in which RNA, rather than DNA , is the genetic material. DNA is made from RNA and incorporated .

Question 39

Phytoplankton

Answer 39

are floating autotrophs on the water surface. protist are eukaryotic organisms and generally classified according to locomotion. red tides produce toxic chemicals that affect humans as well as marine life. red tides are caused by dinoflagella, Diatoms are yellow or brown and are quite unique due to their glass-like shells.