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OAT QUESTION > 101-200 > Flashcards

101-200 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following syndrome is not due to the trisomy nondisjunction?

A) Edward Syndrome

B) Down Syndrome

C) Turner Syndrome

D) Klinefelter Syndrome

A

A) Edward Syndrome: is trisonmy of chromosome 18.

B) Down Syndrome: is trisonmy of chromosome 21.

D) Klinefelter Syndrome: is trisonmy of sex chromosome.

C) Turner Syndrome: is a monosomy having only XO.

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2
Q

At what stage can chromosome be examined on karaotyping

A

Human chromosome can be examined at the metaphase that is when they are most condensed.

Karotyping allows for accurate diagnosis of congenital disorders.

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3
Q

Vasopressin

A

Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH)

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4
Q

Lumen

A

A lumen is the space inside the tube.

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5
Q

Sphincters

A

Rings of muscles in the wall of the esophagus, stomach and other specialized regions

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6
Q

Submucosa

A

the layer of areolar connective tissue lying beneath a mucous membrane.

The submucosa is a connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexuses.

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7
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes lack organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and nucleus. They do contain ribosomes, nucleic acids, plasma membrane, and a nuclear region called a nucleoid.

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8
Q

Are these cells diploid or Haploid:

Spermatogonium

1o spermatocyte

Oogonium

2o Oocytes

Spermatid

A

Spermatogonium: Diploid

1o spermatocyte: Diploid

Oogonium: Diploid

2o Oocytes : Haploid

Spermatid: Hapolid cells that differentiate into mature sperm cells.

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9
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Sertoli cells are involved with nutrient transformation during maturation process.

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10
Q

Cambium

A

The undifferentiated cambium tissue develops into phloem and xylem ( vascular tissue).

Cambium in plants, is a tissue layer that provides partially undifferentiated cells for plant growth. It is found in the area between xylem and phloem.

Xylem: transports H2O and minerals up the stem.

Phloem: transport nutrients down the stem.

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11
Q

Ferns

A

Ferms are unique because they contain two separate living structures called the sporophytes and gametophytes. They are unique because they are not dependent on one another.

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12
Q

Stomata

A

Stomata controls gas exchange by opening and closing.

Plants ‘breathe’ too, but they do it through tiny openings in leaves called stomata. Stomata open and close to allow the intake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen.

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13
Q

Chloroplast

A

Chloroplast contains an inner and outer membrane. Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight.

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14
Q

stroma

A

The space between the inner membrane and the thylakoid membrane is filled with stroma

Most of the enzymes essential in the process of photosynthesis are normally embedded in the stroma and in the thylakoid membranes.

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15
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm + egg = Zygote

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16
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

No fertilization

  • Single celled organisms
  • bacteria, protist, and fungi
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17
Q

Polyspermy

A

Is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm

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18
Q

Process of fertilization

A
  • Sperm attack the egg.
  • Acrosome drills into the Zona pellucida.
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19
Q

Internal fertilization

A

The male deposit its sperm inside the female females body

ex. mammals and monotrem

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20
Q

External Fertilization

A

The male and female gamete unit outside the females body.

The advantage of external fertilization is that it produces a large number of offspring due to the external hazards. So survival of the embryo is comparatively lower. Amphibians and fish are examples for these types of animals

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21
Q

The cortical Reaction

A

The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization by the release of cortical granules from the egg, which prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg.

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22
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Leads to blastomeres individually complete normal development.

Dueterostomes display indeterminate cleavage which gives rise to identical twins.

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23
Q

Identical twins

A

are monozygotic twins because they originate from a single zygote that divided into two completely separate organism.

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24
Q

Paternal twins

A

result from two separately fertilized ova which both implant and develop in the uterus independently.

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25
Q

Protostomes Development

A

Protostomes are any member of the lower invertebrate phyla in which the mouth appears before the anus during development, cleavage is spiral and determinate, and the coelom forms as a splitting of the mesoderm.

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26
Q

Deuterosome formation

A

The Anus develops first and mouth second.

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27
Q

Trophoblast

A

The Trophoblast is embed into the endometrium and releases HCGI( Human Chorionic gonadotrophins ), estrogen and progesterone.

Trophoblast is a layer of tissue on the outside of a mammalian blastula, supplying the embryo with nourishment and later forming the major part of the placenta.

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28
Q

Blastula Formation

A
  • A few days after fertilization a morula- a solid ball of cells form.
  • Morula is transformed into a blastula (hollow).
  • Blastocyst are formed when blastomeres migrate to the outside of the morula.
  • Blastocyst are divided into trophoblasts (outer ring) and Embryoblast (inner cell).
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29
Q

Gastrulation

A

After fertilization ( 3 weeks in human)

Gastrulation- occurs with an invagination of some cells into the blastocoel to form the primary germ layers.

The invagination of the epiblast cells to form the layers.

Gastrulation is the formation of the 3 germ layers in the embryo

30
Q

Neurulation

A

Invagination of Neural plate into the neural tube.

Ectoderm above the notochord form the nervous system.

Mesoderm—Notochord–Vertebral column–Skeletal .

Ectoderm also helps with the skin, lining of the mouth and rectum and nails.

Mesoderm forms execretory and reproductive system, heart, blood vessels and lines all the body cavities.

Endoderm- epithelial lining of digestive tract, respiratory tract and excretory tract.

31
Q

Stages of Embryonic Development

A

Zygote–Morula–Blastula–Gastrula–Neurolation

32
Q

What are the two types of cell specialization ?

A
  1. Cell Determination
  2. Cell Differentiation

The main difference between cell determination and cell differentiation is that the cell determination is the assignment of the fate of the cells whereas, the cell differentiation is the morphological modification of the cells to perform the assigned function.

33
Q

Cell Determination

A

is a Cell commitment to form a specific cell type.

34
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Cell Differentiation is when cells become specialized in their structure and function.

35
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Parthenogenesis is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell.

36
Q

Amnion

A

surounds and protects the embryo

37
Q

Chorion

A

Transfer nutrients from the mother to the fetus.

38
Q

Allantois

A

Involved in gas exchange

39
Q

Yolk Sac

A

The digestive tube evolves from the yolk sac.

The yolk sac is the 1st gestational sac observed during hormone pregancy.

The yolk sac also helps in the formation of red blood cells.

The epiblast is the early embryonic tissue that gives rise to the three early germ layers during gastrulation.

40
Q

Alternation Of Generation

A

an organism spends its life in two major stages.

It happens in the Kingdom Plants.

Between Asexual diploid (sporophyte) and sexual haploid stage( gametophyte).

The diploid sporophytes produces haploid spores via meiosis, which matures into a haploid gametophyte.

This gametophytes goes on to produce gametes via mitosis. The gametes then fuse to produce zygote.

41
Q

The gametophyte

The Sporophyte

A

The gametophyte is haploid and contains half the number of chromosomes.

The Sporophyte is the diplod with the full set of chromosome.

42
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

Is a major repair enzyme and it plays a minor role in replication.

43
Q

DNA polymerase II

A

Is a specialized for DNA repair

44
Q

DNA polymerase III

A

Is the major enzyme that is involved in DNA replication and it doesn’t have any repair activity.

45
Q

Cell Wall

Bacteria

Fungi

Plant

A

Bacteria cell wall= peptidoglcans

Fungi= Chitin

Plant= cellulose

46
Q

pleiotropism

A

when a gene has multiple phenotypes associated with its expression.

47
Q

polygenism

A

when multiple gene affect a trait.

48
Q

penetrance

A

probability an organism with a specific genotype will express a particular phenotype.

49
Q

expressivity

A

term describing the variation of phenotype for a specific genotype

50
Q

Epistasis

A

occurs when the expression of a gene is dependent upon another gene.

51
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase–Metaphase–Anaphase–Telophase.

Two daughter cells forms.

Takes place in somatic cells instead of gametes

52
Q

Prophase

A

Prophase= Chromatin condense into chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears. Polarization of the centrioles(MTOC).

Mitosis begin with prophase which prepares the cell for Karyokinesis(nuclear division)

centriole pairs separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. The centrioles will serve as anchoring points to pull and separate the chromosomes.

53
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate.

Spindle fibers attach at the kinetochores on the centromeres.

54
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart towards the centrioles.
  • Clevage furrow begins forming.
55
Q

Telophase

and

Cytokinesis

A

Telophase Nuclear membranes reform.

The spindle apparatus disappears.

The chromosome uncoil,

+Near the end of telophase the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells, each with a complete nucleus and its own set of organelles.

  • In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and the cell membrane indents along the equator of the cell, eventually pinching through the cell and separating the two nuclei.
  • In plant cells a plate forms between the two nuclei and split the plant cell in half and allowing the cell to divide.
56
Q

Interphase

A

Interphase is a period of growth and chromosome replication. A cell normally spends at least 90% of its time in interphase.

G1: Protein and nucleic acid synthesis to prepare for replication; Production of organelles.This phase initiates interphase. It is the active growth phase and can vary in length . The cell increases in size and synthesizes proteins. The length of the G1 phase determines the length of the entire cell cycles.

S: DNA replication(synthesis).

G2: Continued growth in preparation for mitosis. The cell prepares to divide in G2. It grows and synthesizes proteins.

57
Q

Telophase

A

During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil and form chromatin. This prepares the genetic material for directing the metabolic activities of the new cells. The spindle also breaks down, and new nuclear membranes (nuclear envelope) form.

Last stage of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, the spindle breaks down, and new nuclear membranes form.

58
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm splits in two and the cell divides. Cytokinesis occurs somewhat differently in plant and animal cells, as shown in Figure below. In animal cells, the plasmamembrane of the parent cell pinches inward along the cell’s equator until two daughter cells form. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the equator of the parent cell. Then, a new plasma membrane and cell wall form along each side of the cell plate.

Splitting of the cytoplasm to form daughter cells when a cell divides.

59
Q

MeIosis

A

Produce haploid cells.(1N).

Meosis is the process by which sex cells are produced.

60
Q

Interphase (Meiosis)

A

The cell goes thru the S phase and replicates its DNA. The number of chromosome remain the same but each chromosome now has two sister chromatid. Thus each homologous pair has a total of 4 sister chromatids.

61
Q

The first Meiotic division

A

It yields two haploid(1N) DAUGHTER CELLS. THEREFORE, THE FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION SEPARATES THE PAIR OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES

62
Q

Prophase I

A

Prophase I of meiosis shares similarities to prophase of mitosis: The chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the spindle apparatus forms, the nuclear membrane disappear.

Crossing over is the genetic exchange between chromatids of homologous chromosomes and is vital for a species, as it increases genetic diversity.

63
Q

synapsis

A

First, homologous chromosome come together and intertwine.

The exact parts of the chromosomes where sister chromatids interacts are called chiasmata.

Note: that crossing over does not occur between sister chromatids on the same chromosomes, as these chromatids are identical and would not produce any genetic variation.

64
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous pairs(tetrads) align at the equatorial plane and each pair attaches to a separate spindle fiberss at the kinetochore.

65
Q

Anaphase I

A

The homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. This process is called disjunction and it accounts for the mendelian law of segregation.

During disjunction each chromosome of paternal origin separates (or disjoins) from its homologue of maternal origin, and either chromosome can end up in either daughter cell.

66
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Occurs when cells do not separate appropriately during meiosis. This result in the daughter cells having an incorrect number of chromosomes.

67
Q

Telophase I

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus, thereby forming two hapliod cells(1N), in which each chromosome has two sister chromatids. These cells are often called intermediate daughter cells.

68
Q

Prophase II

A

The nuclear envelope dissolves, nucleoli disappear, the centrioles migrate to opposite poles, and the spindle apparatus begins to form.

69
Q

Metaphase II

A

The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.

70
Q

Anaphase II

A

The sister chromatids of the chromosomes are separated and are pulled apart by shortening spindle fibers. Each separated sister chromatid is now cansidered a chromosome itself.

71
Q
  1. Telophase II
    1. Cytokinesis II
A
  1. A nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes.
  2. CytokinesisII follows and two haploid daughter cells are formed per intermediate daughter cell.

By the end of meosis II 4 haploid cells are produced per gametocyte.

72
Q

Meosis stages

A

OAT QUESTION (5 decks)

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