11.4 Vaccination

Question 1

define immunisation

Answer 1

process of initiating an adaptive immune response through introduction of an antigen into the body

Question 2

define active immunisation

Answer 2

administration of antibodies that elicits a protective immune response

Question 3

Define passive immunisation

Answer 3

Administration of antibodies that provide protection in the recipient

Question 4

define vaccination

Answer 4

induction of an adaptive immune response to a pathogen via injection of a vaccine

Question 5

define herd immunity

Answer 5

protection provided to non-vaccinated individuals in a population due to the majority being successfully vaccinated

Question 6

What are the advantages of passive immunity?

Answer 6

immediate acquisition of antibodies

In case of antivenoms and anti-toxins they neutraliz circulating toxins

Question 7

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?

Answer 7

No immunological memory invoked
Risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens
Risk of serum sickness or anaphylaxis if repeated administration

Question 8

What are the considerations in designing an effective vaccine?

Answer 8

Should not cause infection in the recipient
should protect against disease resulting form exposyre to the pathogen
Generation of neutralizing antibody
Production of an appropriate cell mediated immune response
acceptable side effect profile
easy to store and administer
Able to produce in large quantities and at a low cost

Question 9

What are the types of active immunisation?

Answer 9

killed or inactive preperation of a pathogen 
Live-attenuated pathogen 
conjugate vaccine 
subunit vaccine 
DNA vaccines 
peptide vaccines

Question 10

What are the advantages of killed/inactive vaccines?

Answer 10

Safety
easy to produce and store
less effected by pre-existing antibody

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of killed/inactive vaccines?

Answer 11

requires boosters
may not preserve the immunoprotective antigen
Poor induction of T cell immunity
Poor inducers of mucosal immunity
Potential for immune dysregulation
poential for immune response to tissue antigens derived from cells to which vaccine produced

Question 12

What kind of vaccines are MMR and varicella

Answer 12

Live, attenuated

Question 13

what kind of vaccine is polio, influenza, hep A, rabies, Pertussis, cholera?

Answer 13

Killed/inactive vaccine

Question 14

What kind of vaccine is diptheria and tetanus

Answer 14

toxoid vaccine

Question 15

What is the role of adjuvants?

Answer 15

to create variability in the immunogenecity of proteins/polysaccharides