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Unit 14: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive System

A

Combined functions of both male and female reproduction systems pass on the genes of the individuals+maintain the species

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2
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

X and Y sex Chromosomes

Eggs carry X
Sperm carry Y or X

Female: XX
Male: XY

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3
Q

Development Timing

A

During the first 6 weeks of development male and female embryos contain common gonads

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4
Q

Two sets of premature reproductive tracts

A

Mullerian Duct: paramesonphric

Wolffian Duct: mesonephric

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5
Q

Male Embryo

A

After 6-7 weeks the presence of the Y chromosome causes the indifferent gonads to develop into testes

At 7 weeks testicular cells produce MIH

At 9 Weeks testicular cells begin to produce testosterone

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6
Q

Surge of Testosterone in Male embryos

A

Stimulates the wolffian duct to develop into the:

epidydimus
vas deferens
seminal vesicles
urethra

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7
Q

Female Embryo

A

After 9 weeks of development the XX chromosome are activated + overies develop

No hormonal control

no MIH

Mullerian duct develops into the

uterus
cervix
fallopian tubes
parts of the vagina

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8
Q

Lack of testosterones in female embryos

A

Wolffian duct degrades

Female genetalia develops

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9
Q

Three Principle Functions of the Male reproductive

A

To produce the sex steroid testosterone

Produce sperm (spermatogenesis)

Trigger effects on the whole body

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10
Q

Three Principle Functions of the Female Reproductive Systems

A

Produces sex steroids: estrogen + progesterone

Produces eggs + receives the sperm

Provides optimal conditions for the development of the fetus

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11
Q

Male External Genetalia

A

Penis: Corpus spongiosum + Corpus caveriosum + erectile tisse

Scrotum: Testes
Sperm + testosterone

sperm is stored in the epididymis

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12
Q

Ejaculation

A

Sperm from the epididymis travels through the vas deferens to the seminal vesicles to pick up fluid, then they travel to the prostate to pick up fluid from the bulbourethal gland and passes through the urethra and out of the penis

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13
Q

Testes

A

1000s of coiled tubes

Seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

After formation in the ______ _____ the sperm move into the _______.

A

seminifeorus tubules

epididymis

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15
Q

______ drains into the _____ ______.

A

epididymis drains into the vas deferens

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16
Q

_______ _____ contain ______ cells and developing sperm.

A

seminiferous tubules contain sertoli cells and developing sperm

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17
Q

______ cells are located outside the S.tubules

A

Leydig

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18
Q

Seminiferous tubules are the site of

A

Spermatogenesis

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19
Q

Sertoli Cells regulate (4 functions)

A

Blood Testes Barrier

Secretes a fluid the pushes premature sperm into the epipidymis

Secretes the hormone Inhibin

Spermatogenesis/Maintaining Developing Sperm Cells

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20
Q

Leydig Cells (1 Function)

A

Located in the interstitial space between the seminiferous tubules

Secretes Testosterone

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21
Q

Epididymis

A

Stores immature sperm and supports its maturation

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22
Q

Ductus/Vas deferens

A

Tubes that transport the sperm to the ejaculatory duct

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23
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Drains into the urethra

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24
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Contribute a large amound of fluid to the semen during ejaculation.

Fluid is rich in fructose + enzymes that helps to maintain and nourish the sperm

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25
Prostate Gland
Secretes enzymes + fluid that help to neutralize the acidic environment of the urethra and vagina
26
Bulbourethral Gland
Secretes a fluid that helps neutralize the pH and lubricate the urethra and vagina to make an optimal environement for the sperm
27
Urethra
Transports the sperm during ejaculation + drains the bladder during urination
28
Spermatogenesis begins during...
Begins during puberty
29
Spermatogonia (Location + components)
Germ cells Contains the chromosomes Located at the outer edges of the seminiferous tubules
30
Spermatogonia Division
Divide by mitosis into two cells Asymmetrical division: one continues as the spermatogonia while the other divides into a primary spermatocyte
31
Primary Spermatocyte
Contains 46 chromosomes Divides by meiosis into two secondary spermatocytes into two secondary spermatocytes and then into four spermatids (2nd mitotic division)
32
During the process of division the cells are surrounded + nourished by _____ _______ as they begin to work their way to the center of the ______ ______.
sertoli cells | seminiferous tubules
33
Spermatids develop into ____ _____ where they are released by the ______ ______ into the ____ of the _____ ______
Mature sperm sertoli cells lumen seminiferous tubules
34
How long does Spermatogenesis take
64 days
35
Results in _ _____ _____ with __ chromosomes
4 sperm cells | 23
36
Sperm Cell Structure
Contains a head with an acrosome and a nucleus Midpeice with a mitochondria Long tail/flagellum
37
Function of the testes is controlled by
FSH and LH
38
FSH acts on
Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis while also producing the hormone inhibin
39
Hormone Feedback Loop
Testosterone feeds back to the anterior pituitary which decreases the release of LH and FSH
40
Testosterone is essential for
Spermatogenesis
41
Testosterone (production+storage)
Steroid Hormone produced in the leydig cells in the testes. Synthesized from cholesterol intermediate Progesterone intermediate
42
Rise and Fall of testosterone levels during ______ ______.
Fetal development Rise is necessary for the development of the male reproductive tract + external genitalia in the fetus
43
After _____ there is an increase in testosterone
Birth No one knows why
44
Levels of testosterone remain low after ______.
Puberty
45
Puberty (Male)
Childhood to Adulthood Between about 9 and 14 yoa levels of GnRH begin to increase Final maturation fo the male reproductive system is the point where mature sperm can be produced Sexual maturation + peak testosterone levels occur at 16-18 yoa From 50 yoa onwards testosterone levels decrease Andropause: Leydig cells which produce testosterone no longer respond fully to LH
46
Testosterone Functions
- Development of male reporductive tract + external genetalia in the embryo - growth and development of all male reproductive organs at puberty - development of the male secondary secxcharacteristics at puberty (muscle growth; hair growth on face and genitalia + deep voice) - sex drive at puberty - spermatogenesis - bone and skeletal muscle growth - increased aggressiveness
47
Female Reproductive System Structure
Vulva Female internal Genetalia
48
Vulva
Clitoris: erectile tissue Labium majus: surrouds the labia minus Folds of skin are derived from the same embryonic tissues as the: scrotum and shaft of the penis Labia minora: encloses the vaginal shaft (opening of the vagina)
49
Female internal genetalia
Vagina Cervix Uterus
50
Vagina
Is the canal that receives the penis during intercourse + sperm is received Allows for discharge of fluid during menstruation + after the birth of the baby
51
Sperms travels from the _____ into the _____.
Cervix | Uterus
52
Uterus
Muscular walled hollow organ
53
Sperm continues to the ____ ____.
Falliopian tubes: roughly 20cm long and end in the fimbria
54
Eggs produced in the ______ is released + travels through the ______ to the _____ _____ to reach the sperm.
Overies Fimbrae Fallopian Tubes
55
Cervix
Secretes mucus that varies during the menstrual cycle from thin (to facilitate sperm entry) to thick (to prevent sperm entry)
56
Uterus (3)
The site of implantation of the fertilized egg Where the developing embryo is nourished and maintained During the menstrual cycle the uterine lining undergoes several phases under hormonal control
57
Fallopian tubes (2)
Site of fertilization of the egg They contain cilia that pass the egg from the fimbria to the uterus Fimbriae capture the egg after it is expelled from the ovarues ad funnel it into the infundibulum
58
Ovaries (2)
Produces eggs Produces estrogen + progesterone
59
Oogenesis: ______ stages of development.
Several
60
Egg is contained in a
Follicle
61
First stage begins w/ the production of
Several million oogonia in the developing female embryo
62
Oogonia
Develop into a primary follicle that consists of a single outer layer of granulosa cells that contain the primary oocyte
63
Granulosa Cells
Secretes a fluid into the interior of the follicle which forms into the antrum
64
Primary oocyte and follicle remains in this form until
Puberty
65
At ______ ovaries are activated by _ _ _ _, _ _ _ and _ _.
Puberty GnRH FSH LH
66
Only several ____ _____ primary oocytes have survived.
Hundred thousand
67
The female begins her menstrual cycle during which
a few primary follicles begin to grow
68
Primary follicle develops another _____ of _____ called _____ ____, which form ______ the granulosa cell.
layer cells theca cells outside
69
The primary follicle will slowly ______ as it develops into the mature follicle.
Enlarge
70
Oocyte will
Seperate from the granulosa cells and will float around freely in the antrum immediately before ovulation
71
Oogenesis produces
Only 1 viable oocyte
72
The production of ____ from the _____ begins to increase dramatically as the follicle grows.
Estrogen Ovaries
73
This triggers _____ _____ to grow and produce more _______.
Granulosa cells | estrogen
74
Estrogen is involved in a (+)ve feedback mechanism
Does not feedback to the hypothalamus or pituitary to inhibit the secretion of LH or FSH Levels of LH and FSH increase
75
LH surge causes granulosa cells to secrete ______ ______ of _______ into the ______ causing it to _____ and rupture releasing the egg.
large amounts fluid antrum swell
76
Egg is gathered by the ____ into the _____ _____.
fimbriae | fallopian tubes
77
Mature follicle then degenerates into the hormone releasing ____ _____.
corpus luteum
78
_____ ____ desintegrates into the _____ _____ if pregnancy does not occur
Corpus luteum | Corpus albicans
79
LH + FSH (Females)
Involved in the development of the follicle estrogen production
80
Estrogen refers to a group of hormones
17B-estradiol esterone estrial
81
______ is secreted in humans and is more potent.
estradiol
82
Estrogen synthesis
Cholesterol is tranformed into a series of intermediates Continuation of testosterone formation Formed from androstenedione
83
Progesterone
Produced in small quantities by both granulosa cells and theca cells before ovulation stimulated by LH
84
After ovulation of the oocyte the follicle degenerated into the corpus luteum
Continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone
85
this prepares the ____ of the _____ for the _____ of the ______ egg.
lining uterus implantation fertilized
86
Should the egg cell fail to be fertilized the corpus luteum will develop into the
corpus albicans
87
Estrogen Levels
Low until puberty 8-13 Dramatic rise in estrogen levels due to increased secretion of gnRH from the hypothalamus
88
Pulsatile nature of estrogen levels due to
(+)ve feedback
89
Ovulation/menstruation cycle becomes irregular + cycle stops around
40-50 yoa 50 (menopause)
90
Menopause is caused by the
Decrease in teh number of primary follicles in the ovaries fewer follicles = less estrogen
91
Little (_)ve feedback allowing for
- LH+FSH levels to rise dramatically ovaries are less responsive to the surge causing estrogen levels to drop
92
Proliferation Phase (3)
7-14 days follicle increases the production of estrogen causing LH to surge follicle ruptures + egg is expelled estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth of the uterine lining
93
Secretory Phase
14-28 days follicle develops into a corpus luteum and increases the production of progesterone that propares the uterus for implantation if fertilization and implantation does not occur the corpus luteum degenerates into scar tissue progesterone levels drop
94
Menses
1-7 days FSH, estrogen and progesterone levels are low lining of the uterus cannot be maintained and uterus lining is lost
95
FSH Stimulates (Males)
Sertoli cells promotes spermatogenesis
96
LH Stimulates (Males)
Leydig cells promoting secretion of testosterone
97
FSH Stimulates (Females)
Maturation of the primary follicles
98
Estrogen is secreted + synthesized by
Granolulosa + theca cells making up follicles found in the ovaries
99
LH Stimulates (Females)
LH surge causes ovulation
100
Progesterone Role
Maintining the lining of the uterus

Physiology (12 decks)

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