11.11.2019 - version 2 Flashcards by Marit Fausa Pettersen

The African swine fever virus can be inactivated by irradiation

inactivated by 2% NaOH, 0.3% formalin, hypochlorite for 30 min, or iodine

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The ASF causes haemadsorption in cell cultures

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The ASF infects the swine per os

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The ASF virus replicates in lymphocytes

replicates in macrophages, monocytes, endothel, hepatocytes, tubular epithelium, and granulocytes, but NOT lymphocytes

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In ASF cases abortion is never observed

all the 3 strains can cause abortion

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In acute ASF cases the leading pathological finding are the haemorrhages

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Vaccines are available to be used in the control of ASF

F
no vaccine (no antibody production)

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ASF is shed in the saliva of the infected animals

saliva and nasal discharge. Can start to shed 48 hours prior to the appearance of CS

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The FMD virus is very sensitive to the environmental conditions

F
non-enveloped and good resistance, esp in shadows, wet and cool sites of pastures. 
dirty stall = week 
Manure = 40 days 
frozen meat = months 
milk powder = years

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The FMD virus can retain its infectivity in dried milk for months

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All serotypes of FMD can be detected world-wide

7 serotypes: A and O found wordwide, C is rare

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Swine shed FMD virus for a shorter time comparing to cattle

T
Swine: a few weeks, but amount is over 1000x more than cattle
Cattle: 0.5-3 years

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Hedgehog is susceptible to FMD

T
ruminants (incl wild species), pig, guinea pig, hedgehog, dog and man

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The primary replication site for FMD is the tongue mucosa

primary replication: pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa

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After immune response the FMD vesicles can recover fully

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For laboratory tests FMD samples should be submitted in buffered transport
medium

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Talfan disease is a disease of pigs

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The clinical signs of Talfan disease are more sever than that of Teschen disease

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Talfan disease can be seen in animals below 4 months of age

below 4 months of age (usually btw 3-8 weeks)

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Flaccid paralysis is a typical clinical sign of Talfan disease

transient flaccid paralysis of hindlimbs

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Pigs are infected with swine vesicular disease virus per os

per os or through skin abrasions

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Swine vesicular disease virus can cause vesicles on the snout of pigs

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Haemorrhages can be seen post mortem in the case of swine vesicular disease

no gross pathological changes as they don’t die from the disease

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The mortality of swine vesicular disease is very high, it can be 50-60%

usually asymptomatic, and in case of any CS, the recovery is fast

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Duck hepatitis A virus is shed in the faeces

T | shed in feces for several weeks

The resistance of duck hepatitis A is high

T | high resistance - can survive in bedding for 10 weeks

Germinative infection can happen in the case of duck hepatitis

Clinical signs of the duck hepatitis can be seen in all age groups

F | affects ducklings up to 6 weeks of age

The primary source of VES infection is sea-origin feed

T | primary source of infection: raw meat of sea animals, fish

Feline calicivirus infection can cause the limping of kittens

T can cause "limping syndrome", which may be immunocomplex mediated, and has been observed after immunization with live, attenuated vaccines

RHD virus can be propagated in cell culture

F | has to test vaccines in live animals

The orthohepevirus A causes clinical symptoms only in human

T Is the causative agent of hepatitis E. CS of animals: absent (maybe reproductive issues) CS of humans: asymptomatic/moderate/fatal

The bursitis virus is very sensitive to the environmental conditions

F | high resistance - can survive in litter for 1-4 months (no envelope)

The bursitis virus causes per os infection

Clinical signs of Gumboro disease can be seen in chickens older than 8 weeks

F chickens 0-8 (3-6) weeks older than 8 weeks: carrier status, no CS

Bursitis virus infection results In immunosuppression

Togavirus are transmitted by mosquitoes

Birds serve as reservoirs for Venezuelan horse encephalomyelitis virus

F EEE: bird - mosquito cycle WEE: bird - mosquito - rodent VEE: horse - mosquito - horse

Equine encephalomyelitis viruses can cause asymptomatic infections

T | it is age- and dose-dependent, and can cause inapparent infection

Equine encephalomyelitis viruses are zoonotic

T EEE: human among the dead-end hosts WEE: human among the dead-end hosts VEE: human can become clinically ill

Reoviruses are sensitive to lipid solvents and detergents

Orbiviruses are mainly arboviruses

Bluetongue virus infects also horses and dogs

F | ruminants and sheep

Bluetongue virus is also foetopathic

Vaccination against bluetongue results serotype specific immunity

Bluetongue outbreaks mainly occur is summer and autumn

T | seasonal, based on vector activity (midges)

African horse sickness is zoonotic

Zebras are not susceptible to African horse sickness

F equids: horse, donkey, zebra (rarely other sp.) elephant, camel, dog, ferret

Horse encephalosis is endemic in Africa

Rotavirus infects only mammals

``` F 6 (7) serotypes: A = majority of mammals and birds B = human, swine, cattle, sheep, rat (zoonotic) C = swine, rarely human (zoonotic) D = bird E = swine F + G = bird ```

Rotaviruses are typically transmitted via the faecal-oral route

Avian orthoreoviruses can cause inapparent infection in poultry

T | Can isolate several strains from clinically healthy birds -> many infections are subclinical

The louping ill disease is seen in cattle in Great Britain and Scandinavia

F species: sheep, rarely domesticated and wild mammals, humans Place: UK, Scandinavia

Serological cross reactions frequently occur between related flavivirus

T | serological cross reactions, sometimes cross protection too!

The tick-borne encephalitis virus can be transmitted via consumption of raw milk

T | raw goat milk

Pestivirus are zoonotic

In utero infection with non-cytopathic BVDV can cause immunotolerance

Mucosal disease can develop in cattle persistently infected with BVDV

Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is an immunopathy observed in immunotolerant, BVDV infected calves

F | Idiopathic disease. May have connection to BVDV vaccine as it is produced in bovine cells

The border disease virus causes pneumonia in sheep

F border disease is a pathogenic infection of pregnant ewes characterized by retarded development and CNS damage of lambs -> Hairy shaker syndrome Ewes show no signs, and post-partum infections are subclinical

Classical swine fever can retain its infectivity for 6 months in frozen meat

T | Survives in meat & blood for 1 month at 4°C or up to 1⁄2 year in frozen specimens

CSF causes oronasal infection

CSF infection results in immunosuppression

In acute CSF skin haemorrhages and bloody nasal discharge can be observed

CSF infection during the first half of pregnancy results in the birth of immunotolerant piglets

During necropsy enlarged bloody lymph nodes can be seen in CSF cases

The boutons in the intestines are characteristic lesions in subacute CSF

In vaccinated herds we mostly see the CSF clinical signs in 6-12 weeks old piglets

T vaccination of pregnant sow with attenuated C-strain will provide maternal immunity for piglets until 6-12 weeks of age. When the piglets have passed 3 months of age, they get their first vaccination. remember! most countries don't vaccinate, but eradicate.

All bunyviruses are vectored by insects

F | all except Hantavirus are arboviruses

Akabane virus causes foetal damages in dogs

``` F affect ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat) ```

Hantaviruses cause renal failure in human

Nairobi sheep disease causes haemorrhagic enteritis in the infected animals

Influenza viruses are classified into genera by their HA and NA proteins

F | NP and M1 proteins

The M2 protein of influenza viruses serves as an ion channel important in the decapsidation

The high virulence of some influenza A viruses is the result of mutations in the HA gene

The NA protein has a role in the influenza virus release from the infected cells

Antigenic drift means serials of point mutations in the HA and NA genes

In birds all influenza variants can be detected

The mortality of swine influenze is high

F | high morbidity, low mortality

In poultry farms LPAI maybe be endemic without clinical signs