11.11.2019 - retake Flashcards by Marit Fausa Pettersen

The African swine fever virus can be disinfected by 2%NaOh within 1 day

2% NaOH, 0.3% formalin, hypochlorite 30 min, iodine

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The immune system cannot neutralize the ASF virus by antibodies

no virus neutralization: once infected, become persistent infection, lifelong shedding. survival varies

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The ASF virus infects the swine by air

PO infection or tick bites

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The ASF virus replicates the bone marrow

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Several virulence variants of ASF virus exist

highly virulent - intermediate virulent - mild virulent

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In acute ASF cases the leading pathological finding is the black and enlarged lymph nodes

Hemorrhages all over the body and hyperemia is highlighted in notes (but black (not enlarged) lymph nodes are seen as well)

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Stamping out of the infected herds is applied in the control of ASF

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ASF virus is shed in the urine of the infected animals

Domesticated pigs can shed ASFV in all secretions and excretions including oronasal fluid, blood, urine and feces. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/african_swine_fever.pdf

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The FMD virus is very sensitive to acidic PH

Highly acidic or alkaline disinfectants needed for inactivation

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The FMD virus can retain its infectivity in frozen milk for months

T/F
Frozen meat = months
Milk powder = years

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FMD virus is serologically uniform

7 serotypes

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Cattle shed FMD virus for a shorter time comparing to swine

F
Swine: shed for a few weeks in high titres
cattle: shed for 0.5-3 years

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Dogs are susceptible to FMD

ruminants, pig, guinea pig, hedgehog, dog, human

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The primary replication site of FMD is the bone marrow

primary replication: laryngeal and pharyngeal mucosa

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FMD can be carried for long time in the hoof tissue

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For laboratory tests FMD samples should be submitted frozen

samples should be sent in buffered transport medium, refrigirated or iced and submitted ASAP

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Talfan disease occurs in any age group

in piglets less than 4 months

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Haemorrhages are typical post mortem lesions of Talfan disease

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Paralysis is a clinical sign of Talfan disease

transient paralysis of HL

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There is widespread vaccination in Europe for prevention of Talfan disease

in case of Taflan disease, we wait for seroconversion -> virus eliminated

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There is germinative spread in the case of avian encephalomyelitis

vertical and horizontal transmission

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Typical clinical signs of avian encephalomyelitis occur up to 5-6 weeks of age

clinical signs mainly in 1/2 weeks of age until 4/5 weeks of age. After 5 weeks, chickens are resistant to disease, but not infection

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Tremor is a typical clinical sign of avian encephalomyelitis

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Haemorrhages are frequent post mortem lesions of avian encephalomyelitis

no gross pathological lesions

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Avian nephritis is more frequent in waterfowl than in chicken

Avian nephritis is caused by astrovirus

Clinical signs of avian nephritis can be seen in the first four weeks of life

Urate deposition is a post mortem of avian nephritis

T in chronic cases

VES causes mortality in piglets

T mortality in piglets, not in adults

Feline calicivirus can cause persisting infection In the tonsils

T persisting infection in tonsils and nasopharyngeal mucosa

RHD virus propagates in the liver of the infected animals

The orthohepevirus A can be zoonotic

T causative agent of Hepatitis E. Humans can get it from swine, but not chicken.

Both serotypes of bursitis virus are pathogenic

F serotype 1 - pathogenic serotype 2 - non-pathogenic cross reactions, but no cross protection

The bursitis virus mostly causes germinative infection

F infection: PO (most frequent), conjunctival, airborne

Clinical signs of Gumboro disease can be seen in chickens younger than 8 days

Bursitis virus infection can reduce the efficacy of vaccinations

T infected at young age -> damage B-cell receptor expression -> weak immune responses against "mild" antigens -> inefficient vaccines

Togaviruses cause airborne infection

F arboviruses with mosquito vectors

Rodents serve as reservoirs for Venezuelan horse encephalomyelitis virus

F EEE: bird - mosquito cycle WEE: bird - mosquito - rodent cycle VEE: horse - mosquito - horse cycle

Equine encephalomyelitis viruses can cause lameness in horses

T | ?

Equine encephalomyelitis can cause abortion in human

T infection of mother in 2nd-3rd trimester -> abortion, newborn cerebral necrosis

The bluetongue virus is vectored by midges/gnats

Bluetongue occurs only in Africa and Australia

F worldwide

Goats are more resistant to the bluetongue than sheep

In Europe vaccination of small ruminants against bluetongue is mandatory

F notifiable disease: restriction measures, eradication, vector control, monitoring

The infectious equine arteritis and the African horse sickness may have similar clinical signs

African horse sickness is spread by ticks

F biological vector: midges mechanical vector: mosquitoes, rarely ticks

Acute form of African horse sickness occurs mainly is zebra and horse

F horse: 4-8 days incubation period zebra, donkey: 28 days Horses and mules = most susceptible (severe disease and high mortality) European and Asian donkeys = less susceptible. African donkeys and zebras = least susceptible, (rarely experiencing significant disease or mortality)

Subcutaneous oedema is a frequent symptom of subacute African horse sickness

Rotavirus are shed in the faeces in high titers

Rotavirus predispose to E. coli infection is sucking piglets

T Frequent simultaneous infections: parvo, corona, astroviruses, E. coli, cryptosporidia

Orthoreovirus can cause tenosynovitis in pigs

F orthoreovirus in pigs: diarhea, encephalitis orthoreovirus in birds: tenosynovitis

Mammalian orthoreoviruses can cause pneumoenteritis only in sucking animals

F mainly in young animals, but they are protected with maternal antibodies for up to 5 months (at least true for calves)

The main vectors of the tick-borne encephalitis virus are sylvatic mammalian species

F vector: ticks sylvatic = wild mammals

The louping Ill was introduced to Australia to control rabbit population

F referring to Rabbit Hemorrhagic disease

Cytopathic and non-cytopathic biotypes of the bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) are known

The BVD virus typically damages endothelial-, epithelial- and lymphatic tissues

Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is caused by a bovine viral diarrhea

Persistently infected cattle can maintain BVDC in a farm

Bloody diarrhea is a clinical sign of the mucosal disease

The border disease virus frequently causes encephalitis in ewes

F lambs: hairy shaker syndrome (growth retardation, excessive hair growth, CNS signs) Ewes: subclinical infection

Classical swine fever virus can be transmitted by raw pork products

CSF can cause transplacental infections

CSF infections result in thrombocytopenia

In acute CSF, at the beginning obstipation

T obstipation in the beginning, later bloody diarrhea (seen rarely these days, though)

CSF infection during the first of half of pregnancy can lead to abortion

During necropsy of acute CSF cases, haemorrhages can be seen in gastric mucosa

In uncomplicated cases of subacute CSF the normal size spleen can be observed

Wild boars play the main role in the maintenance of CSF virus in endemic areas

All bunyaviruses are vectored by ticks

F arboviruses except for Hantavirus vectors: mosquitoes or ticks

Akabane virus is zoonotic

F Akabane orthobunyavirus is an insect-transmitted virus that causes congenital abnormalities of the central nervous systems in ruminants. No indications of zoonosis.

Hantaviruses causes haemorrhagic fever in humans

T hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome

Nairobi sheep disease leads to abortion in the infected pregnant animals

T 5-100% abortion, all stages of pregnancy

The serotype of influenza viruses is determined by their HA and NA proteins

Influenzaviruses are sensitive to drying out

T relatively good resistance inactivation: drying out, high temperature, UV light, detergents

The virulence of avian influenza is determined by the i.v pathogeny index and mortality

The LPAI causes immunosuppression

Antigenic shift means the reassortment of the influenzavirus genome segments

In swine all influenza variants can be detected

F true for birds

Influenza causes persistent infection in horses

F without complications: complete recovery in 2-3 weeks (10 days) with complications: coughing for months, permanent damages, death

In human inactivated vaccines are used for the immunization against influenza